Angiotrophic T‐Cell Lymphoma as a Cause of Regenerative Anemia in a Horse

Raidal, Sharanne; Clark, P.; Raidal, Shane

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01820.x

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…IVL has been reported in people, 4-9 dogs, 10-18 2 cats, 19,20 and a horse. 21 In people, IVL is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma classified in 2008 by the World Health Organization (WHO) as intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine intravascular lymphoma with overt leukemia

Lane

Allison

Rizzi

et al. 2012

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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A 6-year-old spayed Labrador Retriever Mix dog was evaluated for a 2-week history of progressive generalized weakness and reluctance to stand. Physical examination revealed severe weakness with obtunded mentation, head tilt, bilateral nystagmus, and decreased vision. CBC findings included mild nonregenerative anemia, marked thrombocytopenia, and a few atypical mononuclear cells on the blood film. The cells were 15-30 μm in diameter and had round to oval to reniform centrally placed nuclei with stippled chromatin, prominent nucleoli, and abundant basophilic cytoplasm with numerous discrete vacuoles and, occasionally, small azurophilic granules. Similar cells were found in bone marrow. On histologic examination of tissues collected at necropsy, neoplastic cells were detected in bone marrow, hepatic sinusoids, cerebral and meningeal vessels, and in capillaries of the heart, renal interstitium, small intestinal submucosa, and muscularis, and alveolar septa. A small discrete mass in the right atrium consisted of similar neoplastic cells, and the spleen was diffusely infiltrated. Tissue distribution was suggestive of intravascular lymphoma. Neoplastic cells in tissue sections were immunoreactive for vimentin, CD18, CD45, and granzyme B and lacked immunoreactivity for cytokeratin. Neoplastic cells on bone marrow aspirate smears and blood films lacked immunoreactivity for CD3, CD79a, CD1c, CD11b, CD11c, CD11d, and E-cadherin. In the absence of immunophenotypic evidence for the neoplastic cells being derived from B-cell, T-cell, or histocytic/dendritic lineages and the lack of clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangement(s), along with positive immunoreactivity for granzyme B, a tumor of NK cells was considered likely. Based on current knowledge, this is the first report of canine intravascular lymphoma, of probable NK cell origin, with peripheral blood involvement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine intravascular lymphoma with overt leukemia

Lane

Allison

Rizzi

et al. 2012

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…3,15,16 Although myelophthisis associated with pancytopenia has been documented in both horses and ponies, concurrent bone marrow necrosis was not identified in these cases. 13,[17][18][19] The most likely cause of pancytopenia associated with lymphoma is myelophthisis secondary to tumor cell infiltration of bone marrow. 17 The polyclonal gammopathy in this horse was supportive of chronic active inflammation resulting from infection or neoplasia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,[17][18][19] The most likely cause of pancytopenia associated with lymphoma is myelophthisis secondary to tumor cell infiltration of bone marrow. 17 The polyclonal gammopathy in this horse was supportive of chronic active inflammation resulting from infection or neoplasia. Lymphoma can result in polyclonal gammopathy in horses, whereas monoclonal gammopathy is more consistent with plasma cell myeloma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone marrow necrosis and myelophthisis: manifestations of T‐cell lymphoma in a horse

Kelton

Holbrook

Gilliam

et al. 2008

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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A 14-year-old spayed American Paint mare was evaluated for mild colic, anorexia, pyrexia, and pancytopenia. Physical examination revealed mild tachycardia, tachypnea, and pale mucous membranes. Serial laboratory analyses revealed progressive pancytopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and hyperglobulinemia. A few large atypical cells were observed in peripheral blood smears. Results of tests for equine infectious anemia and antipenicillin antibody were negative. Serum protein electrophoresis indicated a polyclonal gammopathy. Smears of bone marrow aspirates contained hypercellular particles, but cell lines could not be identified because the cells were karyolytic, with pale basophilic smudged nuclei and lack of cellular detail. A diagnosis of bone marrow necrosis was made. Treatment consisted of antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids. The pyrexia resolved; however, the pancytopenia progressively worsened and petechiation and epistaxis developed. The horse was humanely euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a diffuse round cell neoplasm infiltrating the kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, and bone marrow. Immunophenotyping results (CD3+, CD79alpha-) indicated the neoplastic cells were of T-cell lineage. Infiltration of lymphoma cells into the bone marrow appeared to have resulted in severe myelophthisis and bone marrow necrosis. Bone marrow necrosis has been associated previously with lymphoma in humans and dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of lymphoma resulting in bone marrow necrosis in a horse.

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“…However, immunohistochemical investigations in the middle of the 1980s revealed the lymphocytic phenotype of the neoplastic cells, giving rise to reclassification of the neoplasm as "angiotropic large cell lymphoma" and "intravascular lymphomatosis" (Sheibani et al, 1986;Wick et al, 1986;Ferry et al, 1988). Apart from humans, IVL has been reported in a range of domestic animals, including dogs (Cullen et al, 2000;McDonough et al, 2002;Lane et al, 2012), cats (Lapointe et al, 1997;Henrich et al, 2007), and a horse (Raidal et al, 2006). Since the majority of cases in people are of Bcell origin with rare cases of T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell tumors (Wick and Mills, 1991;Estalilla et al, 1999;Ferreri et al, 2004;Ponzoni and Ferreri, 2006;Zuckerman et al, 2006), only the B-cell IVL is listed in the World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic tumors, defining it as a rare variant of extranodal large B-cell lymphoma with selective intravascular growth (Nakamura et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the majority of cases in people are of Bcell origin with rare cases of T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell tumors (Wick and Mills, 1991;Estalilla et al, 1999;Ferreri et al, 2004;Ponzoni and Ferreri, 2006;Zuckerman et al, 2006), only the B-cell IVL is listed in the World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic tumors, defining it as a rare variant of extranodal large B-cell lymphoma with selective intravascular growth (Nakamura et al, 2008). Cases in animals predominantly display a T-cell or a non-Tcell, non-B-cell phenotype (McDonough et al, 2002;Raidal et al, 2006). The clinical presentation of this systemic disease is diverse and depends on the spectrum of affected organs, rendering ante mortem diagnosis difficult (Ferreri et al, 2004;Zuckerman et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravascular T-cell lymphoma in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas)

et al. 2017

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Abstract.A 9-year-old female captive patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) presented with poor general condition, inability to stand, petechiae, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. Due to poor response to treatment, the animal was euthanized 16 days later. Postmortem examination revealed hemorrhages in several organs and bilateral cerebral infarctions. Histologically, prominent accumulations of large neoplastic lymphocytes in cerebral and meningeal blood vessels were demonstrated within the lesions and in other organs (e.g., bone marrow, ovary, intestine). Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells expressed CD3 and Ki-67. PCR revealed a lymphocryptovirus (LCV) infection, while Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) could not be demonstrated within neoplastic cells by means of immunohistochemistry. Based on the pathological findings, an intravascular lymphoma (IVL) of T-cell origin was diagnosed. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on this rare entity in a nonhuman primate.

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Angiotrophic T‐Cell Lymphoma as a Cause of Regenerative Anemia in a Horse

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Canine intravascular lymphoma with overt leukemia

Canine intravascular lymphoma with overt leukemia

Bone marrow necrosis and myelophthisis: manifestations of T‐cell lymphoma in a horse

Intravascular T-cell lymphoma in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas)

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