“…In general these devices have resulted from research into the physical properties of thin films. Thin film materials have already been used in semiconductor devices, wireless communications, telecommunications, integrated circuits, rectifiers, transistors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photoconductors, light crystal displays, magneto-optic memories, audio and video systems, compact discs, electro-optic coatings, memories, multilayer capacitors, flat-panel displays, smart windows, computer chips, magneto optic discs, lithography, micro-electromechanical systems and multifunctional emerging coatings, as well as other emerging cutting technologies 13 .…”