Animal behavioral methods in neurotoxicity assessment: SGOMSEC joint report.

Kulig, B.M.; Alleva, Enrico; Bignami, Giorgio; Cohn, Jeffrey; Cory‐Slechta, Deborah A.; Landa, V.; O’Donoghue, John L.; Peakall, David B.

doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s2193

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Because of the observed change in behavior, we further examined the Tg mice by subjecting them to a test that measures response to being placed in a novel environment. The test consists of placing mice in a chamber that allows the monitoring of both horizontal and vertical motions (Kulig et al, 1996). The results were tabulated and compared with those from sex-and age-paired controls.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motion in horizontal and vertical directions was assessed as described by Kulig et al (1996), in a test chamber with a 4 x 4 array of 11 x 11-cm square grids painted on the floor and wooden sides extending 50 cm above the floor. Horizontal movement was defined as entry into a square with all four limbs and vertical activity as movements in which the forelimbs and body were elevated off the floor or in contact with the side walls.…”

Section: Behavioral Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuronal Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 Correlates with an Attenuated Exploratory Behavior and Causes an Increase in Neuronal NADPH Diaphorase Staining

Maines¹,

Polevoda²,

Çoban³

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Heme oxygenase isozymes, HO‐1 (also known as hsp32) and HO‐2, are the source for the formation of the putative messenger molecule carbon monoxide (CO), reactive iron, and the in vitro antioxidant bilirubin. We have developed and characterized transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress the stress protein in neurons in various brain regions. The Tg mice were generated by the use of rat HO‐1 cDNA under the control of the neuron‐specific enolase promoter. Except for a tendency to have an enlarged spleen, Tg mice did not show gross anatomical changes. Increase in HO‐1 mRNA, which was demonstrated by northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization, was accompanied by an increase in neuronal HO‐1 protein expression, shown by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and an increase in HO activity. Expression of the transgene correlated with an attenuation of exploratory behavior and increased circling activity and coincided with enhanced neuronal NADPH diaphorase staining. Those changes were not accompanied by an increase in DNA damage or significant change in whole‐brain NO synthase activity. The HO‐1 Tg mice potentially represent a good model to examine the function of CO as a neuromodulator, iron as a gene regulator, and bile pigments as in vivo antioxidants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Behavioral Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 Correlates with an Attenuated Exploratory Behavior and Causes an Increase in Neuronal NADPH Diaphorase Staining

Maines¹,

Polevoda²,

Çoban³

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…In the last week of treatment, animals were subjected to neurological examination according to Kulig et al for assessment of sensory reactivity, grip strength and motor activity. 28…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The safety evaluation of phycocyanin-enriched Galdieria sulphuraria extract using 90-day toxicity study in rats and in vitro genotoxicity studies

Athané¹,

Demol²,

Brosset-Vincent³

et al. 2020

Toxicology Research and Application

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The microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria, which belong to the class of cyanidiophyceae, are thermostable at temperatures up to 55°C and have successfully been cultivated under controlled fermentation conditions to produce a protein-rich biomass from which a natural blue proteinaceous pigment, C-phycocyanin can be isolated. The C-phycocyanin has potential use as a colour additive and as a dietary supplement. This C-phycocyanin is resistant to acidic pH down to 2.75, in contrast to the one from Spirulina, which is already used as a colouring agent in agri-food applications. To further promote its use for industrial applications, we report, here, the results of a safety evaluation on a G. sulphuraria extract enriched to 33% C-phycocyanin. This was conducted in a 90-day repeated dose toxicity study in rats at doses from 250 to 4000 mg/kg body weight/day, in bacterial reversal mutation test at doses from 312.5 to 5000 µg/plate and in micronucleus assay at doses from 500 to 2000 µg/mL. Overall, our results indicated that the C-phycocyanin extract from G. sulphuraria did not exert any noteworthy adverse effect of toxicological significance in any of the system used for its safety evaluation, even if some minor changes were observed. According to the 90-day repeated dose toxicity study, no observed adverse effect level of 4000 mg/kg/day could be estimated. In conclusion, this study supports the safety of soluble fraction enriched with C-phycocyanin from G. sulphuraria for its use as food ingredient or supplement.

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“…During the 12th week of treatment, all animals were examined for assessment of sensory reactivity, assessment of grip strength and motor activity. These included the functional observational battery [8] . Individual animal body weights were recorded prior to commencement of treatment (day of grouping—day 0), weekly thereafter during the treatment and recovery periods, and at necropsy (overnight fasted body weights).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal behavioral methods in neurotoxicity assessment: SGOMSEC joint report.

Abstract: Images Figure 2.

Cited by 28 publications

References 69 publications

Neuronal Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 Correlates with an Attenuated Exploratory Behavior and Causes an Increase in Neuronal NADPH Diaphorase Staining

Neuronal Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 Correlates with an Attenuated Exploratory Behavior and Causes an Increase in Neuronal NADPH Diaphorase Staining

The safety evaluation of phycocyanin-enriched Galdieria sulphuraria extract using 90-day toxicity study in rats and in vitro genotoxicity studies

Safety assessment of McB-E60 (extract of a Momordica sp.): Subchronic toxicity study in rats

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