Animal-Derived Pharmaceutical Proteins

Abstract

Livestock animals have made a significant contribution to human health and well-being throughout humankind's history. A significant contribution of farm animals to human health are the longstanding use of bovine and porcine for production of insulin (for treatment of diabetes), gelatin (for pharmaceutical and other purposes), as well as horse and sheep antibody against natural venoms, toxins, drugs and microbial peptides. Gelatin being the biggest animal protein consumed in human health, follows with antibodies fragments. The chronic problem of animal-derived therapeutics, especially those of high molecular weight, is the immunogenicity induction in addition to their biosafety. However, the invertebrates and lower vertebrates donate the human being a several crucial emergency saving life small-peptides or their analogs such as Refludan, Prialt, Exendin. Not only, but the farm animals are enormously using as models for novel surgical strategies, testing of biodegradable implants and sources of tissue replacements, such as skin and heart valves. Recently, they are being harnessing as bioreactor for production of biopharmaceutical related products through gene farming with efficiency far greater than any conventional microbial or cell-culture production systems. Only 16 transgenic cows would be covering the worldwide needs from human growth hormone. The transgenic, especially animal, technology would be solving a several biopharmaceutical products disadvantages, such as cost, biosafety, immunogenicity and the availability dimensions.

Screening the anti infectivity potentials of native N- and C-lobes derived from the camel lactoferrin against hepatitis C virus

“…Cells were centrifuged and cell pellets were washed twice with 1.0 × PBS containing 1% normal goat serum, cells were incubated with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min and 0.1% Triton X-100 in Tris HCl buffer pH 7.4 for 6 min. After washing three times with 1.0 × PBS, cells were incubated with monoclonal antibody (P26664, clone C7-50, Pierce-Thermoscientific) against HCV core (1:1,000) at room temperature for 1 h [42]. The cells were stained with fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse (KPL, USA) incubated at 4°C for 30 min.…”

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer and the Creation of Transgenic Large Animal Models

“…The concept was driven by the demand for products other than antibodies, the need to increase harvest yield and also the need to facilitate product collection. This method simplifies and improves the efficiency of product purification by directing high-level secretion of the product into the milk (Redwan 2009). An assortment of high-value pharmaceutical products has been engineered to be expressed in transgenic animals, including albumin, antithrombin, peptide hormones, coagulation factors, as well as other agents to treat toxicities and bacterial infections (Maksimenko et al 2013).…”

“…Since the discovery of passive immunization, there has been progressive development in the production of antibodies and antitoxins for therapeutic use (Redwan 2009). With this came the concept of harvesting these pharmaceutical products from laboratory and farm animals-otherwise termed animal pharming.…”

Simple Protocol for immunoglobulin G Purification from Camel “Camelus dromedarius” Serum

“…In addition, these antibodies are less immunogenic than other mammalian antibodies [9], that means when they are injected into experimental models, it will be less likely to induce adverse reactions during the course of treatment [10]. The above pharmaceutical features recommend the camel antibodies as a substitute for other animals' therapeutic antibodies [11,12], or alternatively, it can be converted to a complete humanized antibody [13].…”

“…In addition, these antibodies are less immunogenic than other mammalian antibodies [9], that means when they are injected into experimental models, it will be less likely to induce adverse reactions during the course of treatment [10]. The above pharmaceutical features recommend the camel antibodies as a substitute for other animals' therapeutic antibodies [11,12], or alternatively, it can be converted to a complete humanized antibody [13].Antibody purification from different biological fluids such as serum, ascites and milk is an important step in the production of antibodies used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research applications [14]. There are different methods for purification and the first reported method for purifying camel IgG from serum, by , used protein A-Sepharose and protein G-Sepharose.…”