Animal models of adrenocortical tumorigenesis

Beuschlein, Felix; Galac, Sara; Wilson, David B.

doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.045

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Furthermore, adrenal steroidogenesis has been shown to be modified by sex steroids, as cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone is stimulated by oestradiol (a step of glucocorticoid synthesis common to rodents, humans and dogs) (Nowak et al 1995;Rosol et al 2001;Beuschlein et al 2012). Our results are in agreement with Atkinson and Waddell (1997), who observed variations in corticosterone concentrations during the oestrous cycle in rats.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Most studies have been performed in rats, so the present work uses this model for a comparison of the results. However, it is important to consider that adrenal steroidogenesis shows differences between species (Beuschlein et al 2012). In rodents, after synthesis of pregnenolone, subsequent steps lead to the synthesis of corticosterone (the main glucocorticoid in these animals); while in the dog, the presence of 17α-hydroxylase leads to the synthesis of cortisol (Rosol et al 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasma ACTH, α-MSH and cortisol variations in the dog during the oestrous cycle in different photoperiods

Gallelli¹,

Monachesi²,

Miceli³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is a complex system regulated by multiple factors. Sexual dimorphism of this axis has been described in different species under physiological conditions and it has been proposed that sexual hormones could have an effect on it. There are only a few reports about sex-linked variations in HPA axis hormones in the dog. Thus, studying the impact of sexual hormones on the HPA axis would broaden the knowledge about its function in this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether there are variations in HPA plasma hormones (ACTH, alfa-melanocyte-stimulating hormone [α-MSH] and cortisol) according to the sex and photoperiod (positive or negative photoperiod were considered when the duration of the light hours of the day was more than 12 or less than 12, respectively) under basal conditions (like anoestrus) and throughout the oestrous cycle in the female dog. The population under study consisted of 11 intact female and 14 intact male dogs. Under basal conditions neither ACTH nor α-MSH concentrations showed differences between sexes and different photoperiods. Cortisol showed greater values in the negative photoperiod than in the positive, both in females and males (P = 0.03 and P = 0.015, respectively). Throughout the oestrous cycle, all the studied hormones showed variations (P < 0.0001). The greatest concentrations of ACTH were observed at proestrus, while α-MSH and cortisol showed their greatest concentrations at oestrus. The three hormones decreased in diestrus. ACTH and cortisol concentrations were higher in the negative photoperiod (P = 0.04 and P < 0.0001, respectively), while α-MSH concentrations were higher in the positive photoperiod (P = 0.012). In the group of females oestradiol and progesterone correlated with ACTH (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001; r = 0.34, P < 0.01, respectively), α-MSH (r = 0.49, P < 0.0001; r = 0.52, P < 0.0001, respectively) and cortisol (r = 0.33, P < 0.01; r = 0.5, P < 0.0001, respectively). These results show that in females, HPA axis hormones vary during the oestrous cycle in relation to oestradiol and progesterone fluctuations. The ACTH, α-MSH and cortisol concentrations also showed differences between photoperiods in females, but only cortisol did so in males. These findings suggest that sexual hormones could have an effect on the HPA axis. Further research needs to be done to fully understand this interaction and the mechanisms involved.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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confidence: 99%

Plasma ACTH, α-MSH and cortisol variations in the dog during the oestrous cycle in different photoperiods

Gallelli¹,

Monachesi²,

Miceli³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…Adrenocortical disease associated with elevated sex hormones has been diagnosed in many species, including canines, felines, ferrets, and humans [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In veterinary medicine, adrenocortical disease associated with elevated sex hormones has also been infrequently reported in rabbits: in 5 male and 1 additional female rabbit [5,6,9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In veterinary medicine, adrenocortical disease associated with elevated sex hormones has also been infrequently reported in rabbits: in 5 male and 1 additional female rabbit [5,6,9]. The pathogenesis of disease in rabbits is not well understood, but some hypothesize a similar mechanism to ferrets and mice in which gonadectomy contributes to adrenocortical hyperplasia and later tumorigenesis [3,4,[10][11][12]. It is suspected that adrenocortical hyperplasia is secondary to the loss of feedback inhibition from the gonads to the hypothalamicpituitary axis, which leads to chronic elevation in circulating luteinizing hormone, causing synthesis and secretion of sex steroids from the adrenal cortex [4,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Testosterone and Progestin Concentrations in a Spayed Female Rabbit with an Adrenal Cortical Adenoma

Baine

Newkirk

Fecteau

et al. 2014

Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine

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This case was described briefly in a recent book chapter (Lennox AM, Fecteau KA: 2014, Endocrine disease. In: BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine, eds. Meredith A, Lord B, pp 274-276. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK). In the previous description, the tumor was described as a pheochromocytoma; however, further evaluation suggested that it more closely resembled an adrenal cortical adenoma. A 10-year-old, spayed female rabbit was presented for a behavior change of 8 months' duration. The rabbit was inappropriately urinating and defecating, as well as demonstrating aggressive behaviors such as chasing, biting, and mounting various objects. The rabbit had elevated progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone concentrations, and ultrasound examination of the abdomen showed a round, homogenous nodule measuring 1.1 × 0.8 × 0.9 cm in the region of the left adrenal gland. Necropsy revealed a unilateral adrenal cortical adenoma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first complete description of a female rabbit with an adrenal cortical adenoma documented in the literature. Case PresentationA 10-year-old, spayed female rabbit was presented for a behavior change of 8 months' duration. The rabbit was inappropriately urinating and defecating, as well as demonstrating aggressive behaviors such as chasing, biting, and mounting various objects. The rabbit had been spayed in the first year of life.On physical examination, the only significant finding was an enlarged clitoris ( Figure 1). No significant abnormalities were present on either a complete blood count or biochemistry panel. However, the rabbit had elevated blood levels of progesterone (0.63 ng/mL; reference interval for a spayed female rabbit (RISF) 0.09-0.47 ng/mL), 17-OH progesterone (>25.0 ng/mL, extrapolated result 60.2 ng/mL; RISF 0.7-18.9 ng/mL), and testosterone (1.02 ng/mL; RISF 0.02-0.03 ng/mL) [1]. Cortisol (6.2 ng/mL; RISF 4.9-10.1 ng/mL) and androstenedione (1.2 ng/mL; RISF 0.96-4.0 ng/mL) levels were within normal limits [1]. Cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone assays (Coat-a-Count) were from Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA, and 17-OHP and androstenedione assays (ImmunChem Double Antibody) were from MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH.Ultrasound examination of the abdomen showed a round, homogenous nodule measuring 1.1 × 0.8 cm in the region of the left adrenal gland (normal adrenal gland 0.72 × 0.37 cm) [2]; the nodule had an echogenicity approximately equal to the renal cortex. The right adrenal gland was not identified. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable. Due to the combination of clinical signs, elevated sex hormones, and a potential adrenal gland nodule, adrenal cortical disease was suspected. The owner declined exploratory surgery of the abdomen and adrenalectomy; therefore, medical management was recommended to potentially help alleviate clinical signs. Medical management was declined as well.Six months following diagnosis, the patient was presented for progressive difficulty ambulat...

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“…Most of them are unilateral solitary lesions (90%) occurring in dogs of middle and old age without breed or sex predilection (Galac et al 2010;Beuschlein et al 2012). The three cases described here had a unilateral adrenal mass and their ages ranged between 7 and 12 years old.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenal gland tumours. Different clinical presentations in three dogs: a case report

Loste¹,

Borobia²,

Lacasta³

et al. 2013

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Three dogs were evaluated due to the presence of unilateral adrenal gland masses with or without clinical signs. Case 1 showed a unilateral non-functional adrenocortical adenoma, discovered accidentally while Case 2 presented a unilateral cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenoma; a pheochromocytoma was accidentally discovered in Case 3. The adrenalectomy was the treatment of choice in all cases. The development of diagnostic imaging techniques, mainly ultrasonography, and its application to routine abdominal examinations, have allowed the detection of adrenal gland masses more frequently. However, there is no pattern of echogenicity or architecture which would help in the differentiation in a functional tumour from a non-functional tumour, a pheochromocytoma, a metastatic lesion to the adrenal or a granuloma. A complete description of history, clinical signs, laboratory analysis and imaging studies is included. Moreover, a revision of the different types of adrenal gland tumours, with their clinical presentation, a standardised diagnosis protocol and options for treatment are discussed.

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Animal models of adrenocortical tumorigenesis

Cited by 29 publications

References 97 publications

Plasma ACTH, α-MSH and cortisol variations in the dog during the oestrous cycle in different photoperiods

Plasma ACTH, α-MSH and cortisol variations in the dog during the oestrous cycle in different photoperiods

Elevated Testosterone and Progestin Concentrations in a Spayed Female Rabbit with an Adrenal Cortical Adenoma

Adrenal gland tumours. Different clinical presentations in three dogs: a case report

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