“…The cation groups include quaternary ammonium (QA), benzyl trimethylammonium (BTMA), imidazolium, phosphonium, piperidinium(pip), quaternary piperidinium (Qpip), pyridinium, and metal-based cations, etc. [61][62][63][64] The polymer backbones include Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), [65] polyethylene (PE), [66] poly(norbornene) (GT), [67] polystyrene (SEBS), [68] polysulfones (PS), [69] polyethersulfone (PES), [70] poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), [71] poly(terphenyl) (PTP), [72] poly(benzimidazoles) (PBI), [73] poly(fluorenes) (FLN), [74] ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), [75] and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), [76] crown ether, [77] as shown in Figure 5(a). The membrane conducts anions based on interactions between the cation functional groups and the negatively charged anions.…”