Anionic Gemini Surfactants: A Distinct Class of Surfactants

Abstract

Anionic gemini surfactants are a new class of surfactants that comprise of two anionic head groups and two hydrophobic tails separated by a spacer group. Anionic gemini surfactants have low cmc values and show extraordinary surface activity. These surfactants have good water solubility and their ability to form micelles and lowering surface tension characteristics are fairly good as compared to conventional anionic surfactants. These surfactants have excellent lime soap dispersing ability (LSDA) too. Because of their higher surface activity these surfactants are used as promising surfactants in industrial detergency and emulsification. These surfactants are cost effective in area such as laundry detergent compositions, soil clean up, enhanced oil recovery and hydrotropic agents. This review deals with structure, synthesis, critical micelle concentration, surface active properties, performance properties, uses and biodegradability of anionic geminis.

Interaction of Anionic Gemini Surfactants with Other Surfactants

“…The CMCs were determined from the abrupt change in the tension trend. The CMC values in Tables 4-6 revealed that the NI product has a higher CMC value than that of surfactants GA 12 , GA 16 , and GA 18 . This result may be due to the solubility of NI being completely controlled by solvation, whereas the solubility occurs by an ionizationsolvation mixed process with GA 12 , GA 16 , and GA 18 .…”

“…Tsubone et al [18][19][20][21] have studied the aqueous properties of anionic geminis of N-acylamino acids. In that investigation, some unusual interfacial behavior caused by simultaneous presence of N,N-dialkylamide and carboxylate groups in molecule, the micelle organization degree (b) of ethylene bis (sodium N-dodecanoyl-asparatate), (CH 2 ) 2 [N(COC 11 H 23 ) CH(CO 2 H)CH 2 (CO 2 H)] 2 Á 2NaOH was found to be 0.97 in aqueous solutions of NaCl (¼0.1 M) at pH 5.0.…”

Novel Amphiphiles and Their Applications for Different Purposes with Special Emphasis on Polymeric Surfactants

“…There is another special property of Gemini surfactants which is very impressive relative to other surfactants. The krafft temperature, which is also termed as critical micelle temperature that means the minimum temperature at which micelle formation takes place, is much lower than that of conventional monomeric surfactants . A surfactant having krafft temperature below room temperature is considered to be soluble and many such Gemini surfactants having hydrophilic or hydrophobic spacers have been reported with krafft temperature below 0 °C…”

The Use of a Eutectic Mixture of Olive Pomace Oil Fatty Amides to Easily Prepare Sulfated Amides Applied as Lime Soap Dispersants

“…More recently, Shukla et al [8] have reported that anionic gemini surfactants with two sulfate or sulfonate head groups have much better lime soap dispersing ability than that of single chain surfactants that have only one sulfate or sulfonate head group.…”