Anisotropic solid-state PLA foaming templated by crystal phase pre-oriented with 3D printing: cell supporting structures with directional capillary transfer function

Abstract

Bones represent a superb biomaterial that combines high mechanical stiffness with nutrition delivery to its osteocyte cells through the microscopical Haversian canals and bone canaliculi. Such structure is hard to...

Revealing the Combined Nanoconfinement Effect by Soft and Stiff Inclusions in PMMA/Silica CO2 Blown Foams

“…[16,27,28,30] Moreover, the amorphous PMMA was selected to suppress the crystallization, which may occur in the CO 2 atmosphere for some semicrystalline polymers, and template the growth of cells upon the foaming. [7] Three types of NP spatial organizations with the filler content of 1 vol% were made following the preparation protocol described in our previous study. [30] It encompassed individual NPs, aggregates with direct NP-NP contact, and chain bound clusters prepared by solution blending from acetone, toluene, and acetonetoluene 1:1 mixture, respectively.…”

“…[ 16,27,28,30 ] Moreover, the amorphous PMMA was selected to suppress the crystallization, which may occur in the CO 2 atmosphere for some semicrystalline polymers, and template the growth of cells upon the foaming. [ 7 ]…”

“…Nevertheless, it could be used as a template for unusually shaped cells such as extended microcellular canals. [7] Another way of reducing the cell size is by adding a filler with a large surface area, typically a nanofiller. [3,4,8,9] The particle-matrix interface promotes heterogeneous nucleation and increases the number of nucleation sites upon foaming.…”

“…Nevertheless, it could be used as a template for unusually shaped cells such as extended microcellular canals. [ 7 ]…”

Progress in the Preparation, Properties, and Applications of PLA and Its Composite Microporous Materials by Supercritical CO2: A Review from 2020 to 2022

“…In the FDM printing process, a systematic solution has not yet been established for how to introduce gas into the nozzle in a stable manner or how to saturate the gas in a small diameter wire and not to escape as well as for the bonding between layers during the printing process. The current application of 3D printing technology for foaming generally means that the sample is printed and processed first and then foamed using intermittent foaming methods, which is only applicable to scientific research and challenging to produce [ 87 , 88 ].…”