Annotated checklist and illustrated key to the species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from South America

Querino, Ranyse B.; Zucchi, Roberto A.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4656.2.1

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…By means of these factitious hosts, 50 to 400 thousand Trichogramma per hectare are being used in different crops in Brazil, at a cost comparable to agrochemicals. Thirty species of Trichogramma are known with natural occurrence in Brazil [33,34].…”

Section: Successful Cases In Brazil Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs, a Component of Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil

Parra

Coelho

2022

Insects

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This article describes the importance of rearing insects, whether on a small scale for research or a large scale for mass rearing, for use in biological control (BC) programs with macro-organisms. These inter- or multidisciplinary research programs are necessarily long-term and depend on rearing techniques for their complete development. Some successful examples of BC in Brazil are presented, including case studies of Trichogramma spp. These required broad bioecological studies that provided the basis for both mass rearing and transfer of the necessary technology to farmers. This has allowed Brazil to occupy a leadership position in biological control in “Open Fields”. For example, about three million ha are being treated with Trichogramma galloi (a native parasitoid), and about three and a half million ha with Cotesia flavipes (an exotic parasitoid) to control Diatraea saccharalis, the sugarcane borer. These natural enemies are produced by commercial firms, or by laboratories in sugar and alcohol plants themselves, in the case of C. flavipes.

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Section: Successful Cases In Brazil Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs, a Component of Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil

Parra

Coelho

2022

Insects

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“…Parasitized eggs were those which blackened about four days after the beginning of their submission to parasitism. Male and female Trichogrammatidae were identi ed by the dimorphism of their antennae, feathery in males and nailed in females [69,70]. The sex ratio was…”

Section: Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Tolerance of Trichogramma Pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to the Mixture of the Herbicides Nicosulfuron Plus Atrazine

Leite¹,

Cordeiro²,

Santos³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Maize, Zea mays (Poaceae), is one of the most important crops in the world, but defoliating caterpillars (Lepidoptera) and weeds can reduce the productivity of this plant. The control of weeds in the maize crop in Brazil is mainly accomplished with nicosulfuron- and atrazine-based herbicides, and of lepidopteran pest eggs with use of several species of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids released. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rates of parasitism and emergence of females and the sex ratio (%) of 10 Trichogrammatidae species, in a free-choice test, submitted to a mixture of the herbicides Sanson 40 SC® (a.i. nicosulfuron; dose: 30 g.ha–1) + Gesaprim 500 Ciba-Geigy® (a.i. atrazine; dose: 1500 g.ha–1) in the laboratory.Results: The parasitism rate (%) of Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, Trichogrammatoidea annulata de Santis, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, Trichogramma brunni Nagaraja, Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, and Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja was lower with the herbicide mixture of nicosulfuron + atrazine than the control and, therefore, this mixture was considered to be slightly harmful (i.e., class II of the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control) to these parasitoids. This solution reduced the emergence rate (%) of female T. acacioi, T. annulata, T. atopovirilia, T. bruni, T. brasiliensis, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, and T. soaresi, being classified as harmless to T. soaresi, moderately harmful to T. galloi and slightly harmful to the other species. The herbicide mixture of nicosulfuron + atrazine reduced the sex ratio of T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, and T. soaresi, being classified as harmless to T. annulata and T. brasiliensis, and slightly harmful to the other species.Conclusions: The biological parameters (i.e., rates of parasitism and emergence and the sex ratio) of T. pretiosum, followed by T. bennetti, T. annulata and T. brasiliensis were the least affected by the herbicide mixture. These species should be chosen for release, on pieces of paperboard with parasitized E. kuehniella eggs, in crops together with the application of nicosulfuron + atrazine.

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“…More than 235 species of Trichogramma have been described worldwide, 29 of which are reported in Brazil (Querino and Zucchi, 2019) (Table 1). These tiny egg parasitoids (0.25 mm) are associated mainly with lepidopteran pests and have been released on 18 million hectares, primarily in socialist countries (the former Soviet Union and China) (Filippov, 1992;Hassan, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around 28 species of Trichogramma had already been released to control pests of 28 crops (Hassan, 1988). Querino and Zucchi, 2019) Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, 1984 Trichogramma acuminatum Querino & Zucchi, 2003 Trichogramma alloeovirilia Querino & Zucchi, 2003Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983Trichogramma atropos Pinto, 1992Trichogramma bertii Zucchi & Querino, 2003Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja, 1983Trichogramma clotho Pinto, 1992Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, 1983Trichogramma dissimilis Zucchi, 1988Trichogramma distinctum Zucchi, 1988 Trichogramma esalqueanum Querino & Zucchi, 2003Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner, 1978Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 Trichogramma iracildae Querino & Zucchi, 2003Trichogramma jalmirezi Zucchi, 1988Trichogramma lasallei Pinto, 1999 Trichogramma manicobai Brun, Gomez de Moraes & Soares, 1984 Trichogramma marandobai Brun, Gomez de Moraes & Soares, 1986Trichogramma maxacalii Voegelé & Pointel, 1980…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-scale rearing of Anagasta kuehniella for Trichogramma production

2021

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Annotated checklist and illustrated key to the species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from South America

Cited by 24 publications

References 22 publications

Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs, a Component of Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil

Insect Rearing Techniques for Biological Control Programs, a Component of Sustainable Agriculture in Brazil

High Tolerance of Trichogramma Pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to the Mixture of the Herbicides Nicosulfuron Plus Atrazine

Small-scale rearing of Anagasta kuehniella for Trichogramma production

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