Anopheles darlingi polytene chromosomes: revised maps including newly described inversions and evidence for population structure in Manaus

Abstract

Salivary gland polytene chromosomes of 4th instar Anopheles darlingi Root were examined from multiple locations in the Brazilian Amazon. Minor modifications were made to existing polytene photomaps. These included changes to the breakpoint positions of several previously described paracentric inversions and descriptions of four new paracentric inversions, two on the right arm of chromosome 3 and two on the left arm of chromosome 3 that were found in multiple locations. A total of 18 inversions on the X (n = 1) chromosome, chromosome 2 (n = 7) and 3 (n = 11) were scored for 83 individuals from Manaus, Macapá and Porto Velho municipalities. The frequency of 2Ra inversion karyotypes in Manaus shows significant deficiency of heterozygotes (p < 0.0009). No significant linkage disequilibrium was found between inversions on chromosome 2 and 3. We hypothesize that at least two sympatric subpopulations exist within the An. darlingi population at Manaus based on inversion frequencies.

Physical Mapping of the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Genomic Scaffolds

“…In addition, breakpoints of paracentric inversions and additional inversions (3Lc), totaling 18 inversions in the chromosome arms of An. darlingi with one on chromosome X, seven on chromosome 2, and 11 on chromosome 3 were previously described [ 25 ]. Because of the highly polymorphic An.…”

“…The probe localization was determined within a subdivision, using a standard cytogenetic map for An. darlingi [ 19 , 25 ]. The microphotographs were edited with Adobe Photoshop CS4 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA) and, also an Olympus CX41 phase-contrast microscope (Olympus America Inc., Melville, NY, USA).…”

A standard photomap of the ovarian nurse cell chromosomes for the dominant malaria vector in Europe and Middle East Anopheles sacharovi

“…gambiae [ 36 ], Anopheles funestus [ 46 ] and Anopheles nili [ 35 ]; in Asia: An. stephensi [ 47 ] and Anopheles sinensis [ 48 ]; and in America: Anopheles albimanus [ 49 ] and Anopheles darlingi [ 50 , 51 ]. Chromosome maps have been used to identify and describe inversion polymorphism in natural populations of An.…”

“…nili [ 35 ] and An. darlingi [ 50 , 51 ]. Physical maps of microsatellite markers have been used in population genetic studies of An.…”

“…beklemishevi Ovarian nurse cells 2018 [ 43 ] An. darlingi Salivary glands 2010 [ 50 ], 2016 [ 51 ] An. funestus Ovarian nurse cells 2001 [ 46 ] 2004 [ 52 ] 2002 [ 58 ] An.…”