Anthropometric influences on dynamic foot shape: Measurements of plantar three-dimensional foot deformation

Fritz, Bettina; Schmeltzpfenning, Timo; Plank, Clemens; Hein, Tobias; Grau, Stefan

doi:10.1080/19424280.2013.789559

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In addition, greater foot deformation has been associated with participants with higher BMIs. 37 BMI was found to be a significant predictor for both AbdH and FDB muscle CSA, 2 muscles that have an important role in support of foot architecture. When our findings are synthesized in the context of previous study, we posit that the greater observed resting IFM size is likely an adaptation to increased deformation of the foot arch system due to greater external moments, greater pliability, or a combination of these factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ultrasound Measures of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Size and Activation Following Lateral Ankle Sprain and Chronic Ankle Instability

Fraser¹,

Koldenhoven²,

Hertel³

2021

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Tibial nerve impairment and reduced plantarflexion, hallux flexion, and lesser toe flexion strength have been observed in individuals with recent lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Diminished plantar intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) size and contraction are a likely consequence. Objectives: To assess the effects of ankle injury on IFM size at rest and during contraction in young adults with and without LAS and CAI. Setting: Laboratory. Design: Cross-sectional. Patients: A total of 22 healthy (13 females; age = 19.6 [0.9], body mass index [BMI] = 22.5 [3.2]), 17 LAS (9 females; age =21.8 [4.1], BMI = 24.1 [3.7]), 21 Copers (13 females; age = 20.8 [2.9], BMI = 23.7 [2.9]), and 20 CAI (15 females; age = 20.9 [4.7], BMI = 25.1 [4.5]). Main Outcome Measures: Foot Posture Index (FPI), Foot Mobility Magnitude (FMM), and ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, and flexor hallucis brevis were assessed at rest, and during nonresisted and resisted contraction. Results: Multiple linear regression analyses assessing group, sex, BMI, FPI, and FMM on resting and contracted IFM size found sex (B = 0.45; P < .001), BMI (B = 0.05; P = .01), FPI (B = 0.07; P = .05), and FMM × FPI interaction (B = −0.04; P = .008) accounted for 19% of the variance (P = .002) in resting abductor hallucis measures. Sex (B = 0.42, P < .001) and BMI (B = 0.03, P = .02) explained 24% of resting flexor digitorum brevis measures (P < .001). Having a recent LAS (B = 0.06, P = .03) and FMM (B = 0.04, P = .02) predicted 11% of nonresisted quadratus plantae contraction measures (P = .04), with sex (P < .001) explaining 13% of resting quadratus plantae measures (B = 0.24, P = .02). Both sex (B = 0.35, P = .01) and FMM (B = 0.15, P = .03) predicted 16% of resting flexor hallucis brevis measures (P = .01). There were no other statistically significant findings. Conclusions: IFM resting ultrasound measures were primarily determined by sex, BMI, and foot phenotype and not injury status. Routine ultrasound imaging of the IFM following LAS and CAI cannot be recommended at this time but may be considered if neuromotor impairment is suspected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ultrasound Measures of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Size and Activation Following Lateral Ankle Sprain and Chronic Ankle Instability

Fraser¹,

Koldenhoven²,

Hertel³

2021

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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“…Additionally, greater foot deformation has been associated with participants with higher BMIs. 32 BMI was found to be a significant predictor for both AbdH and FDB muscle cross-sectional area, two muscles that have an important role in support of foot architecture. Therefore, it is important to consider the covariates of sex, body mass, and foot phenotype in evaluation of resting IFM size following ankle-foot injury.…”

Section: Resting Measuresmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot muscle size and motor activation following lateral ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability. A cross-sectional study

Fraser

Koldenhoven

Hertel

2020

Preprint

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Objectives: To assess the effects of ankle injury status on intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) size at rest and during contraction in young adults with and without a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Foot Posture Index (FPI), Foot Mobility Magnitude (FMM), and ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis (AbdH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), quadratus plantae (QP), and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) were assessed at rest, and during non-resisted and resisted contraction in 22 healthy (13 females, BMI: 22.5±3.2, FPI: 4.2±3.9, FMM: 2.5±1.8), 17 LAS (9 females, BMI: 24.1±3.7, FPI: 2.5±3.4, FMM: 2.7±1.7), 21 Copers (13 females, BMI: 23.7±2.9, FPI: 3.6±4.1, FMM: 1.8±1.3), and 20 CAI (15 females, BMI: 25.1±4.5, FPI: 4.4±3.6., FMM: 2.3±1.1). Results: A multiple linear regression analysis assessing group, sex, BMI, FPI, and FMM on resting and contracted IFM size found sex (p<.001), BMI (p=.01), FPI (p=.05), and FMM*FPI interaction (p=.008) accounted for 19% of the variance (p=.002) in resting AbdH measures. Sex (p<.001) and BMI (p=.02) explained 24% of resting FDB measures (p<.001). Having a recent LAS (p=.03) and FMM (p=.02) predicted 11% of non-resisted QP contraction measures (p=.04), with sex (p<.001) explaining 13% of resting QP measures (p=.02). Both sex (p=.01) and FMM (p=.03) predicted 16% of resting FDB measures (p=.01). There were no other statistically significant findings. Conclusions: IFM resting ultrasound measures were primarily determined by sex, BMI, and foot phenotype and not injury status. The clinical utility of these IFM ultrasonographic assessments in young adults with LAS and CAI may be limited.

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“…Similar studies are needed with both larger numbers of participants and specifically involving people with diabetes and different levels of neuropathy to further improve our understanding of biomechanically-required toe gaps and whether these are affected by body weight, aging and other factors. Most 3D foot scanning systems are too slow to capture dynamic changes in foot shape [ 39 ] and alternative high-speed cameras and structured light patterns or fluoroscopy within shoes too costly to set up, often necessitating both construction of raised walkways and specialist knowledge [ 40 ]. A technological solution is therefore required which is both cheap and easy to implement.…”

Section: Discussion Of Toe Gap Within Footwear Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toe gaps and their assessment in footwear for people with diabetes: a narrative review

Jones

Bus

Davies

et al. 2020

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Background Adequate footwear fit is critical in preventing diabetes-related foot ulcers. One important element is the toe gap, the difference between foot length and internal footwear length available to the foot. We summarised the literature on toe gaps in studies assessing footwear worn by people with diabetes, the methods used to measure both foot length and internal footwear length and identify ambiguities which may impact on toe gap assessment in clinical practice, and suggest pragmatic solutions. Methods The Google Scholar database was searched to April 2020 for peer-reviewed studies using keywords related to incorrectly fitting or ill-fitting and diabetes, foot and ulcer which returned 979 results. Included studies within this narrative review encompassed toe gap measurement to assess footwear worn by people with diabetes. Results A total of eight studies were included after full paper review. Toe gap ranges as used in assessments of footwear worn by people with diabetes vary, with a minimum of 1.0–1.6 cm and a maximum of 1.5–2.0 cm, as do methods of measuring internal footwear length. Only three published studies suggested possible measuring devices. Conclusions Toe gap ranged as used when assessing footwear fit in people with diabetes vary and a gold standard device for internal footwear length measurement has yet to emerge. International guidelines provide welcome standardisation, but further research is needed to evaluate both the effect of toe gap ranges upon pressure, plantar stress response and ulceration and available measuring devices to facilitate development of toe gap measurement protocols that may further enhance consistency in practical assessments.

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Anthropometric influences on dynamic foot shape: Measurements of plantar three-dimensional foot deformation

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Ultrasound Measures of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Size and Activation Following Lateral Ankle Sprain and Chronic Ankle Instability

Ultrasound Measures of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Size and Activation Following Lateral Ankle Sprain and Chronic Ankle Instability

Ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot muscle size and motor activation following lateral ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability. A cross-sectional study

Toe gaps and their assessment in footwear for people with diabetes: a narrative review

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