Anti‐Inflammatory Activity and Quality Control of Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz

Abstract

Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri) is employed as a popular herbal drug in traditional Persian medicine. Topical formulations including cerates, lotions, sitz baths, and poultices for inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, anal fissure, endometriosis, and mastitis are known. However, there is no monograph in current pharmacopoeia for the wallflower drug. The present study is aimed to screen in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of wallflower and perform quality control and characterization tests for different organs of the herb. In this regard, albumin denaturation activity, macroscopic and microscopic, phytochemical, HPTLC, and FT-IR characteristics were investigated. Wallflower showed strong anti-inflammatory activity compared to diclofenac sodium. The root (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL) and flower (10 mg/mL) extract exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activities than that of other plant organs at the same concentrations. Moreover, total ash was found higher in aerial parts ( 21.52 ± 0.06 % ) than flower ( 11.01 ± 0.03 % ), root ( 5.03 ± 0.03 % ), and seed ( 6.95 ± 0.06 % ), while water-soluble ash was higher in seed ( 34.89 ± 0.26 % ) than flower ( 5.00 ± 0.03 % ), aerial parts ( 7.16 ± 0.06 % ), and root ( 5.04 ± 0.01 % ). Acid-insoluble ash and sulphated ash were higher in root ( 9.50 ± 0.04 % ) and aerial part ( 28.37 ± 0.57 % ), respectively. In addition, loss on drying was ranged from 2.20 ± 0.20 % in flowers to 6.00 ± 0.10 % in aerial parts. On the other hand, HPTLC analysis verified cardenolide compounds in all organs of the herb, and quercetin was detected in the flavonoid fingerprint of acid hydrolysed flowers. According to FT-IR results, the observed spectral region at ~3500 cm-1 attributed to -OH stretching vibration. Also, C–H (~2900-2950 cm-1), isothiocyanate (~2340 cm-1), -C=O (~1740 cm-1), conjugated C=C of the aromatic ring (~1650 cm-1), and structure of the aromatic group (~1200-1000 cm-1) were monitored. This work is the first study to the best of our knowledge, suggesting wallflower as a potential drug candidate with the basis for a monograph in addition to initial in vitro anti-inflammatory data.

Aging-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAMP8) Mice Experiment and Network Pharmacological Analysis of Aged Liupao Tea Aqueous Extract in Delaying the Decline Changes of the Body

“…( b , c ) Western blotting detection of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins (Ups) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), n = 3. In the infrared (IR) spectrum, the absorption band of 3015–2800 cm −1 mainly characterizes the C-H bond of long-chain fatty acids and the intensity of this region is closely related to the lipid content [ 35 , 51 ]; 3012 cm −1 characterizes the ν=C-H bond of unsaturated fatty acids [ 52 ] and 1740 cm −1 is stretching vibrations of C=O groups of lipids [ 53 ]; 1700–1500 cm −1 is the protein amide I and II bands’ absorption peaks [ 54 ]; 1300–1000 cm −1 is the absorption band of the nucleic acid structure [ 55 ]. ## represents compared with P8+ND group, p < 0.01, ** represents compared with P8+HFD group, p < 0.01.…”

Cirrhosis-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes: The therapeutic potential of taurine

“…Aliquots (200 µl) of whole blood were also separated to determine G6-PD activity, blood parameters, and complete blood count (CBC). Then, blood samples were centrifuged (12,000 g, 15 min, 4°C), and the plasma was isolated by aspiration and used for biochemical analysis [ 64 , 65 ]. Afterward, the erythrocytes were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times (3000 g, 10 min, 4°C).…”

“…Hemoglobin concentration was measured in all suspensions for standardization of the obtained data. Commercial kits (Pars Azmun, Tehran, Iran) and a Mindray BS-200 autoanalyzer (Guangzhou, China) were employed to assess plasma γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [ 64 , 66 ]. Hematologic parameters were determined using Sysmex XS-800i (laser-based photometry) [ 67 ].…”