Anti‐Semitism

Abstract

Critical consideration of anti‐Semitism in Gothic literature in recent decades developed out of scholarship examining the Gothic's engagement with religious/theological issues. Several exemplary essays focus on the figure of the Jew in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) and other Victorian fin‐de‐siècle texts, and Davison (2004) presents a comprehensive overview of anti‐Semitism in British Gothic literature and the terror fuelled by the “Jewish Question,” issues and resolutions relating to the Jews, primarily in Europe, who long occupied an unequal legal and civil status to non‐Jews. Several scholars have cogently argued that the atmospheric terror and rhetoric of Gothic literature is theological at its core, and that these works are essentially veiled cautionary‐style sermons. The critical commonplace, largely uncontested, is that British Gothic literature is marked by a prevalent anti‐Catholicism. In an attempt to assert the hegemony of Anglicanism/Protestantism, Catholicism, Britain's former national religion, is generally represented as corrupt, obscurantist, deviant, and grounded in superstition. In stark contrast, fanatical Protestant sects have been identified as the principal target in American and Scottish Gothic literature (see american gothic ; scottish gothic ). Despite this key difference, both traditions were established by Protestants/Anglicans who, in the views of numerous critics, displaced their fears about their own nature, condition, and fate onto various Others.

Estimating the nationwide transmission risk of measles in US schools and impacts of vaccination and supplemental infection control strategies

“…However, despite high vaccination records, explosive measles outbreaks may occur in school environments due to (i) the fact that a portion of adequately immunized individuals remains susceptible to measles viruses, (ii) high interaction and contact rates among students, or (iii) inadequate immunity from vaccinations at younger ages [ 22 ]. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and air purifiers are shown to have a significant positive impact on reducing the transmission of measles in various indoor environments by enhancing filtration, ventilation and purification rates [ 43 – 47 ]; but, their bio-aerosol removal effectiveness for a typical school setup is understudied.…”