Antibacterial Mechanism, Control Efficiency, and Nontarget Toxicity Evaluation of Actinomycin X₂ against Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri

Abstract

The present study investigated the antibacterial mechanism, control efficiency, and nontarget toxicity of actinomycin X 2 (Act-X 2 ) against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) for the first time. Act-X 2 almost completely inhibited the proliferation of Xcc in the growth curve assay at a concentration of 0.25 MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 31.25 μg/mL). This inhibitory effect was achieved by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), blocking the formation of biofilms, obstructing the synthesis of intracellular proteins, and decreasing the enzymatic activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) of Xcc. Molecular docking and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis results indicated that Act-X 2 steadily bonded to the RNA polymerase, ribosome, malate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase to inhibit their activities, thus drastically reducing the expression levels of related genes. Act-X 2 showed far more effectiveness than the commercially available pesticide Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl in the prevention and therapy of citrus canker disease. Furthermore, the nontarget toxicity evaluation demonstrated that Act-X 2 was not phytotoxic to citrus trees and exhibited minimal toxicity to earthworms in both contact and soil toxic assays. This study suggests that Act-X 2 has the potential as an effective and environmentally friendly antibacterial agent.