Antibiotic Activity of Xenorhabdus spp., Bacteria Symbiotically Associated with Insect Pathogenic Nematodes of the Families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae

Akhurst, Raymond J.

doi:10.1099/00221287-128-12-3061

Cited by 241 publications

(271 citation statements)

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“…After entering the host's hemocoel, nematodes release their bacterial symbionts 11 . The bacteria multiply rapidly and produce various metabolites that can overcome the insect immune system, kill the insect and inhibit the growth of various fungal and bacterial competitors [12][13][14] . By doing so, the bacterial symbionts are believed to prevent putrefaction of the insect cadaver and establish conditions that favor the development of both the nematode and bacterial symbionts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against Fusarium oxysporum

Kumar

Nambisan

Mohandas

2013

Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against Fusarium oxysporum

Kumar

Nambisan

Mohandas

2013

Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry

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“…also produce several antibiotics (Forst & Nealson, 1996). Together, these have a broad spectrum of activity (Akhurst, 1982) and help to ensure the dominance of Photorhabdus within the insect cadaver (Forst et al, 1997). Until its nutritive status declines, the insect cadaver supports several nematode generations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of endospore-forming bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., and description of Paenibacillus nematophilus sp. nov.

Enright

McInerney

Griffin

2003

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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NoteCharacterization of endospore-forming bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., and description of Paenibacillus nematophilus sp. nov. Endospore-forming bacteria were isolated from insect-pathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., from three diverse geographical locations. Spindle-shaped sporangia of these bacteria adhere to the free-living infective stage of the nematode, which carries them to new insect hosts, where the bacterium reproduces. These isolates were characterized based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene placed the isolates within the genus Paenibacillus. The isolates shared higher sequence similarities with each other (95?1-100 %) than they did with any other named species within the genus (89?2-94 %). Paenibacillus macquariensis, Paenibacillus azoreducens, Paenibacillus amylolyticus and Paenibacillus durus were among the species with highest sequence similarity to these isolates. The isolates shared a high degree of phenotypic similarity and were easily distinguished from closely related members of the genus. Anteiso-C 15 : 0 and C 16 : 0 were among the major fatty acid types and the DNA G+C content was approximately 44 mol% in all isolates. DNA-DNA similarity studies revealed genomic heterogeneity among the isolates, such that they are likely to represent more than one species. Two of the isolates (both from a Heterorhabditis megidis isolate from Estonia) are phenotypically distinguishable from the others and are proposed as a single species, Paenibacillus nematophilus sp. nov. The type strain for this novel species is NEM1a T (=DSM 13559 T =NCIMB 13845 T ). The other isolates, although closely related to the proposed species, are likely to represent at least one, but most likely two, novel species.The genus Paenibacillus includes several species that are associated with dead insects in one way or another. Amongst these are obligate insect pathogens such as Paenibacillus popilliae, Paenibacillus lentimorbus and Paenibacillus larvae (Pettersson et al., 1999), as well as non-pathogens/facultative pathogens such as Paenibacillus apiarus (Nakamura, 1996) and Paenibacillus alvei (Krieg, 1981). Enright et al. (2001) found a Paenibacillus sp. associated with an insectpathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis EU17. This nematode was isolated during a survey conducted in Estonia (Griffin et al., 1999).Heterorhabditis spp. nematodes are lethal pathogens of insects. Infective juveniles (IJs), the only infective stage of these nematodes, carry in their intestine a symbiotic bacterium belonging to the genus Photorhabdus (Forst et al., 1997). Upon infection of a suitable host insect, the symbiont is released into the haemocoel and causes the death of the insect within 48 h (Poinar, 1990). The Photorhabdus sp. then completely colonizes the dead insect cadaver, assisting in the breakdown of the insect tissues by secretion of an array of enzymes (Forst & Nealson, 1996). It is upon this bacterium and the ...

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“…Research has suggested that a single infective juvenile nematode may carry ten cells of P. luminescens, but only three cells are necessary to cause mortality [22]. Other research shows that P. luminescens produces several biologics that are responsible for bioconversion, protection, and nematode transmission [23][24][25][26][27]. Recent studies indicate that insect colonization is due to protective mechanisms against insect macrophages [28].…”

Section: Photorhabdus Luminescensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens

2012

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Entomoparasitic nematodes (EPNs) are being commercialized as a biocontrol measure for crop insect pests, as they provide advantages over common chemical insecticides. Mass production of these nematodes in liquid media has become a major challenge for commercialization. Producers are not willing to share the trade secrets of mass production and by doing so, have made culturing EPNs extremely difficult to advance existing technologies. Theoretically, mass production in liquid media is an ideal culturing method as it increases cost efficiency and nematode quantity. This paper will review current culturing methodologies and suggest basic culturing parameters for mass production. This review is focused on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; however, this information can be useful for other nematode species.

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Antibiotic Activity of Xenorhabdus spp., Bacteria Symbiotically Associated with Insect Pathogenic Nematodes of the Families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae

Cited by 241 publications

References 5 publications

Purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against Fusarium oxysporum

Purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from Bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against Fusarium oxysporum

Characterization of endospore-forming bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., and description of Paenibacillus nematophilus sp. nov.

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens

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