Antibiotic Resistance Among Enterococcal Isolates from Environmental and Clinical Sources

Knudtson, Linda M.; Hartman, Paul A.

doi:10.4315/0362-028x-56.6.489

Cited by 52 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The absence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from domestic retail meats in this study is consistent with previous observations (21,39,53; Y. Ike, K. Tanimoto, Y. Ozawa, T. Nomura, S. Fujimoto, and H. Tomita, Letter, Lancet 353:1854, 1999) and reflects the absence of isolation of VRE from both processing (12) and food animal production environments (31,35,53,57) in the United States. In contrast, VRE are frequently isolated from retail meat products (11, 36-38, 42, 49, 55, 56) from European countries as a result of selection of resistant populations by the use of the glycopeptide avoparcin in food animal production environments (1,4,5,8,16,24,52,54).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from RetailMeats

Hayes

English

Carter

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

187

114

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a total of 981 samples of retail raw meats (chicken, turkey, pork, and beef) were randomly obtained from 263 grocery stores in Iowa and cultured for the presence of Enterococcus spp. A total of 1,357 enterococcal isolates were recovered from the samples, with contamination rates ranging from 97% of pork samples to 100% of ground beef samples. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant species recovered (61%), followed by E. faecalis (29%), and E. hirae (5.7%). E. faecium was the predominant species recovered from ground turkey (60%), ground beef (65%), and chicken breast (79%), while E. faecalis was the predominant species recovered from pork chops (54%). The incidence of resistance to many production and therapeutic antimicrobials differed among enterococci recovered from retail meat samples. Resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin, a human analogue of the production drug virginiamycin, was observed in 54, 27, 9, and 18% of E. faecium isolates from turkey, chicken, pork, and beef samples, respectively. No resistance to linezolid or vancomycin was observed, but high-level gentamicin resistance was observed in 4% of enterococci, the majority of which were recovered from poultry retail meats. Results indicate that Enterococcus spp. commonly contaminate retail meats and that dissimilarities in antimicrobial resistance patterns among enterococci recovered from different meat types may reflect the use of approved antimicrobial agents in each food animal production class.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from RetailMeats

Hayes

English

Carter

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

187

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A contributing factor to their pathogenesis is their evolving resistance to antibiotics. For example, resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin is now widespread among members of the genus, which leaves few options for disease management (Aguirre & Collins, 1993;Knudtson & Hartman, 1993;Facklam & Sahm, 1995;Klein et al, 1998). Considerable progress has recently been made in determining the traits responsible for pathogenesis of enterococci.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of enterolysin A by a raw milk enterococcal isolate exhibiting multiple virulence factors

et al. 2003

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Even though enterococci are a common cause of human infection they can readily be isolated from a range of food sources, including various meat and dairy products. An enterococcal strain, DPC5280, which exhibits a broad spectrum of inhibition against many Gram-positive bacteria was recently isolated from an Irish raw milk sample. Characterization of the inhibition revealed that the strain exhibits haemolytic activity characteristic of the two-component lantibiotic cytolysin and also produces a heat-labile antimicrobial protein of 34 kDa. The latter protein displayed cell wall hydrolytic activity, as evidenced by zymogram gels containing autoclaved lactococcal cells. N-terminal sequencing of the purified protein yielded the sequence ASNEWS which is 100 % identical to enterolysin A (accession no. AF249740), a protein which shares 28 and 29 % identity to the Gly-Gly endopeptidases, lysostaphin and zoocin A, respectively. Indeed, amplification of entL from DPC5280 and sequencing revealed that the protein is 100 % identical to enterolysin A. The DPC5280 strain also contained the determinants associated with multiple virulence factors, including gelatinase, aggregation substance and multiple antibiotic resistance. The linkage of this cell-wall-degrading enzyme to other virulence factors in enterococci may contribute to the competitiveness of pathogenic enterococci when found in complex microbial environments such as food and the gastrointestinal tract. INTRODUCTIONDespite the fact that foods containing enterococci have a long history of safe use, these organisms are not considered as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) organisms. They can readily be isolated from a range of food sources, including raw milk, and are often a constituent of some mixed starter strains used commercially. However, many strains can act as opportunistic pathogens, causing a variety of infections such as urinary tract infections, bacteremia and infective endocarditis (Murray, 1990;Jett et al., 1994), and are of major importance in community-acquired and in hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections (Jett et al., 1994;Low et al., 1994;Jones et al., 1997;Simjee & Gill, 1997). A contributing factor to their pathogenesis is their evolving resistance to antibiotics. For example, resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin is now widespread among members of the genus, which leaves few options for disease management (Aguirre & Collins, 1993;Knudtson & Hartman, 1993;Facklam & Sahm, 1995;Klein et al., 1998). Considerable progress has recently been made in determining the traits responsible for pathogenesis of enterococci.For example, studies have shown that phenotypes such as production of cytolysin, which has both haemolytic activity (by lysing a broad spectrum of cells, including human, horse and rabbit erythrocytes) and bactericidal activity (against Gram-positive bacteria) play a role in the progression of enterococcal infection (Ike et al., 1984;Jett et al., 1992). Cytolysin enhances the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis in animal models, such as muri...

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“…There are some occasional reports, for example, findings of glycopeptideresistant Ent. faecium on chicken carcasses delivered to a hospital kitchen (Klare et al 1995) and enterococci resistant to tetracycline on pork (Knudtson and Hartman 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork

et al. 1998

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Two hundred and seventy‐seven Enterococcus isolates representing the predominating enterococcal flora of retailed chicken and pork were identified by phenotypical features, and by random amplified polymorphic DNA. The resistance to nine different antibiotics was determined. Enterococcus faecium was the most frequently occurring species in both Swedish and Danish chicken. Enterococcus faecalis and unidentified groups of Enterococcus dominated in pork. Seventy‐three per cent of the Enterococcus isolates from Swedish chicken were resistant to one or more of the tested antibiotics. The corresponding values for Swedish pork, Danish chicken and Danish pork were 9%, 55% and 14%, respectively. Tetracycline resistance was most frequent in isolates from Danish pork and Swedish chicken, while erythromycin resistance was most frequent in Danish chicken. Strains with acquired vancomycin resistance, mainly Ent. faecium, were found only on Danish chicken, except for one isolate from Danish pork. All vancomycin‐resistant isolates contained the vanA gene. Vancomycin resistance could be transferred to a vancomycin‐sensitive Ent. faecium strain from four of nine tested donor strains.

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Antibiotic Resistance Among Enterococcal Isolates from Environmental and Clinical Sources

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from RetailMeats

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from RetailMeats

Production of enterolysin A by a raw milk enterococcal isolate exhibiting multiple virulence factors

Antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterococcus isolated from Swedish and Danish retailed chicken and pork

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