Antibiotic Resistance and the Mobility of Its Genetic Determinants in Lactobacillus fermentum

Accounting for the health risk of probiotics

“…In recent years, several in vitro evidence have demonstrated the feasibility of ARG transfer from probiotic strains to representative pathogens. One such example is the transfer of the tetracycline resistant gene tet(K) by electroporation and transformation, from Lactobacillus fermentum to Citrobacter freundii , a Gram-negative gut commensal which was determined to have no tetracycline resistant genes nor is it phenotypically resistant to tetracycline examined [ 183 ]. Another study showed that Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin (MLS) resistance from Lactobacillus fermentum , Enterococcus hairae and Enterococcus faecalis , isolated from animals and food such as idli batter, chicken and sheep intestine, can be transferred to E. faecalis JH2-2, Lactococcus lactis and Acinetobacter examined through filter-mating studies [ 184 ].…”

Advantages and disadvantages of non‐starter lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented foods: Potential use as starters or probiotics

“…Regarding acquired AMR determinants, some of the most frequently identified correspond to tetracycline (encoded mainly as tetM, tetS, tetW, tetK, and tetO), macrolides (encoded as ermA, ermB, and ermC), and chloramphenicol (encoded as cat) (Das et al, 2020;Dušková et al, 2020;Ojha et al, 2021). Furthermore, Anisimova and Yarullina (2020) have indicated that resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol be the most closely monitored, due to the frequent association with specific MGEs, namely with the Tn916-Tn1545/Tn917 transposon family, which is responsible for the widespread occurrence of those traits (Thumu & Halami, 2019).…”

“…In fact, previous studies have indicated that AMR genes detected in food-LAB can be transferred to commensal bacteria or pathogenic bacteria through HGT, which may pose a serious threat to food safety and public health. The most frequently occurring transfer is that of tetracycline-and macrolideresistance determinants (Flórez et al, 2016;Ojha et al, 2021;Thumu & Halami, 2019;Zarzecka et al, 2020Zarzecka et al, , 2022, but the transference of other resistance genes (aminoglycosides, quinolones) has also been reported (Anisimova & Yarullina, 2020;Jaimee & Halami, 2016). In a recent study by Yasir et al (2020), a total of 36 ARGs and the transposase, integrase, and recombinase genes were detected in LAB isolated from pasteurized and unpasteurized Arabian laban.…”

“…Previous reports have described LAB AMR profiles in detail (Anisimova & Yarullina, 2020;Das et al, 2020;Dušková et al, 2020;Flórez et al, 2016;Guo et al, 2017;Jaimee & Halami, 2016;Moračanin et al, 2017;Ojha et al, 2021;Thumu & Halami, 2019;Yasir et al, 2020;Zarzecka et al, 2020;. There is a wide collection of data reporting intrinsic resistances toward different classes of antimicrobials, namely beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and glycopeptides (Moračanin et al, 2017).…”

Study on the effect of a tea polyphenol disinfectant on antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water

“…Studies by Anisimova and Yarullina have shown that tetracycline resistance genes are often located on MGEs. 40 This may be the reason why the two disinfection processes have removal effects on specific tetracycline resistance genes.…”