Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Hedley, Joanna; Whitehead, Martin; Munns, Craig F; Pellett, Sarah; Abou-Zahr, T.; Carrasco, Daniel Calvo; Wissink-Argilaga, N.

doi:10.1111/jsap.13402

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…This may lead to opportunistic fungal infections. According to the antibiotic stewardship for reptiles [ 36 ], veterinarians should use antibiotics conditionally and third-line antibiotics (e.g., carbapenems) should generally not be used in veterinary medicine. Third, the cause of death of the sea turtle could be a mix of both candida infection and bacterial infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated Candidiasis and Candidemia Caused by Candida palmioleophila in a Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Wang

Sun

Kao

et al. 2021

Animals

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A sub-adult green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was rescued and treated for carapace and plastron shell fractures. The turtle was kept dry-docked for the first 2 months with a placement of a long-term jugular central venous catheter (CVC). Pain management, aggressive antibiotic and anthelmintic therapy, fluid therapy, force feeding, and wound debridement were provided to manage the shell fractures and control bacteremia. Human albumin was administered to treat severe hypoalbuminemia. On day 59, small budding yeasts were noted on the blood smears. Candidemia was confirmed by blood culture, as the yeasts were identified as Candida palmioleophila by the molecular multi-locus identification method. The CVC was removed, and the patient was treated with itraconazole. Although the carapace and plastron wounds had epithelized by 5.5 months after the rescue, the turtle died unexpectedly by 7.5 months. The postmortem examination revealed numerous necrogranulomas with intralesional yeasts, morphologically compatible with Candida spp., in joints, bones, brain, and lungs, suggestive of disseminated candidiasis. We describe a rare case of candidemia in the veterinary field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of candidiasis caused by C. palmioleophila in a reptile. The present results should improve veterinary medical care and, therefore, enhance the conservation of endangered sea turtle species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated Candidiasis and Candidemia Caused by Candida palmioleophila in a Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Wang

Sun

Kao

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Ideally, oxytetracycline could have been considered due to it is first-line broadspectrum antibiotic activity and previous use in reptiles. 30 However, it was not readily available for use in this case, and nephrotoxicity has been reported with gentamicin use in snakes. 31 Marbofloxacin has a similar spectrum of activity to ciprofloxacin, it is bactericidal with no resistance reported and it was the only injectable antibiotic available at the hospital that has been reported to be used in snakes, [32][33][34] and it could be used in oral formulations, allowing post-operative continuation of antibiotic therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The antibiotic selected in this case was according to the antimicrobial sensitivity test, which revealed sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline. Ideally, oxytetracycline could have been considered due to it is first‐line broad‐spectrum antibiotic activity and previous use in reptiles 30 . However, it was not readily available for use in this case, and nephrotoxicity has been reported with gentamicin use in snakes 31 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of bupivacaine‐infused absorbable gelatin haemostatic sponge following eye enucleation in a corn snake

Gomez-Martinez

Kumaratunga

Khenissi

2022

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 9‐year‐old, male, 0.69 kg, corn snake was referred for enucleation of its right eye. Pre‐anaesthetic medication consisted of butorphanol (1 mg/kg) and alfaxalone (10 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was then performed. General anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. During the general anaesthesia, the snake was manually ventilated. At the end of the surgery, the orbit was packed with a haemostatic sponge soaked in 0.75 mg/kg of 0.5% bupivacaine. Meloxicam (0.4 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously as a part of the multimodal analgesic protocol. Total anaesthetic time was 90 minutes. Following 2 minutes of sevoflurane discontinuation, the snake started moving and the trachea was extubated. The snake displayed normal behaviour, although a short period of hypothermia was suspected in recovery. No other complications were encountered. The snake was discharged 4 hours after the end of surgery; meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) was prescribed once daily, orally, for 14 days.

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“…Despite this, it is indicated as a first-line drug to be used in the absence or pending the results of culture and sensitivity tests, to prevent infection in severely compromised animals ( Hedley et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic usage patterns in exotic pets: A study in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

Barbosa,

Teixeira,

2023

Open Vet J

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Background: The link between the reckless use of antimicrobials with the increasing development of multidrug-resistant strains of antibiotics is well established. To control the spread of AMR, action plans, recommendations and guidelines on the prudent use of antibiotics have been developed for food-producing animals and companion animals but appear to be lacking in exotic pets due to the scarcity of data and information on the use of antibiotics in these species. Aim: The purpose of this study is to bring qualitative and quantitative data regarding the use of antimicrobials in exotic pets in a veterinary center in southern Brazil, seeking to measure the consumption of these animals to determine and guide future actions to combat AMR. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted by surveying 2,190 open care records in a specialized clinic of wildlife medicine in 2018. Data evaluation was performed in a descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative way, and the analysis of antimicrobial consumption was performed by calculating the daily dose/g of animal ml/day/kg by animal order, condition and active principle, adaptation to DDDVet. For statistical analysis, Levene´s, ANOVA followed by Tukey´s tests were used. Results: Approximately 57% (1250/2190) of the visits made use of one or more antimicrobials in the treatment of animals referred to the clinic. Of these, 67% (n= 839) were birds, 26% (n= 327), mammals and 7% (n= 84) reptiles. During 2018, the total consumption of antimicrobials prescribed was 2.21L for the total biomass of 129.24kg. The relation between the dosages of the main antimicrobials used and the conditions treated showed that there is no variation between the treatments by disease and by animal class, due to the great variation within each group. Conclusion: The antimicrobial prescription in exotic pets requires a multifaceted and dynamic approach applied to safeguard the efficacy of the antimicrobials, optimizing consumption, minimizing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and other possible adverse effects, considering the physiological differences present within each species. The doses between the different classes and conditions do not obtain a significant difference, reflects in a possible non-standardization of the dosages used, requiring further investigation the recommended dosages for each animal species, avoiding the over or underdosing of these drugs. It is worth highlighting that professionals must always make rational use of antimicrobials in these species.

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Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles

Cited by 11 publications

References 94 publications

Disseminated Candidiasis and Candidemia Caused by Candida palmioleophila in a Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Disseminated Candidiasis and Candidemia Caused by Candida palmioleophila in a Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Use of bupivacaine‐infused absorbable gelatin haemostatic sponge following eye enucleation in a corn snake

Antibiotic usage patterns in exotic pets: A study in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

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