Antibiotic Therapy for Bacillus Species Infections

Kervick, G. N.; Flynn, Harry W.; Alfonso, Eduardo C.; Miller, Darlene

doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)77068-0

Cited by 37 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This practice creates a local environment in the oral mucosa that is conducive to the germination of Bacillus species spores and to the elaboration of soluble virulence factors (9,12,16). Certain Bacillus species, including B. licheniformis and B. pumilus, isolated from chewing tobacco in the present study, have been shown to cause opportunistic infections and pulmonary inflammation in humans (1,3,10,24). The results of the present study extend these observations by showing that Bacillus species contaminating commercially available chewing tobacco elicit oral mucosa inflammation in experimental animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

BacillusSpecies Are Present in Chewing Tobacco Sold in the United States and Evoke Plasma Exudation from the Oral Mucosa

Rubinstein

Pedersen

2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Five Bacillus species, predominantly Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumilus, were isolated from two popular brands of commercially available chewing tobacco [(5.0 ؎ 1) ؋ 10 6 CFU/ml of supernatant; results for four experiments]. Moreover, the supernatant of the Bacillus culture evoked plasma exudation from postcapillary venules in the intact hamster cheek pouch, exudation that was mediated by the kallikrein/kinin metabolic pathway. Taken together, these data indicate that Bacillus species contaminate chewing tobacco commercially available in the United States and elaborate a potent exogenous virulence factor(s) that injures the oral mucosa.Habitual use of chewing tobacco is on the rise in the United States (4). This practice may be associated with oral mucosa inflammation and injury in susceptible individuals and may predispose chewing tobacco users to oral epithelial cell dysplasia and cancer (7,15,23). Previous studies from our laboratory showed that chewing tobacco elicits plasma exudation from the oral mucosa by activating oral keratinocytes and the kallikrein/ kinin metabolic pathway (2,5,6,18,25). However, the toxic constituent(s) of chewing tobacco that accounts for these responses has not been characterized (8,17).A physiological disorder of the tobacco plant, termed "frenching," has been known to the tobacco industry since colonial times (22). Although the etiology of this condition is uncertain, so-called organic toxins produced by Bacillus species and found in the soil where tobacco plants are grown have been implicated (22). It is conceivable that Bacillus spores could contaminate chewing tobacco processed for human use and germinate when placed onto the oral mucosa. These bacteria could then elaborate potent virulence factors, such as proteinases, that activate oral keratinocytes and the kallikrein/ kinin metabolic pathway in the oral mucosa, leading to plasma exudation and tissue injury (2,9,14,16,19,20).The purpose of this study was to begin to address this issue by determining whether Bacillus species contaminate commercially available chewing tobacco and, if so, whether they evoke plasma exudation from the intact oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODSCulture of chewing tobacco. One box each of two popular chewing tobacco brands (moist snuff; Skoal Cherry and Skoal Spearmint [U.S. Tobacco Co., Richmond, Va.]) were purchased at a local grocery store in Chicago, Ill. One-half gram of chewing tobacco from each box was mixed with 50 ml of sterile, doubledistilled water for 5 min. Then samples of the mixture were transferred onto blood, mannitol salt, and MacConkey agar plates by sterile cotton swabs and streaked for isolated colonies (13). The blood and mannitol salt agar plates were incubated under aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO 2 conditions. MacConkey agar plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C. After 48 h, the cultures were examined and a Gram stain of the isolated colonies was performed (11,12,16). After an additional 48 h of incubation 13 biochemical tests were conducted to identify the isolate...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

BacillusSpecies Are Present in Chewing Tobacco Sold in the United States and Evoke Plasma Exudation from the Oral Mucosa

Rubinstein

Pedersen

2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Owing to the fulminant nature ofthis infection, O'Day and others have emphasised the importance ofmaintaining a high degree of suspicion coupled with early intervention in order to attempt to salvage vision.5 [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Unfortunately, in one series the mean time from injury to intervention was 30 hours. '7 The incidence ofBacillus species as a causative organism in penetrating ocular trauma has been estimated to be between 27-46%.…”

Section: Bacillus Cereus Endophthalmitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.

David¹,

Kirkby²,

Noble³

1994

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Even though B. cereus is most frequently associated with food-borne enteric infections in humans, it is able to cause other local or systemic infections such as endophthalmitis, cutaneous infections, endocarditis, central nervous system infection, or bacteremia ( Steen et al, 1992 ; Callegan et al, 1999 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005 ; Callegan et al, 2006 ; Martinez et al, 2007 ; Kim et al, 2010 ; Sasahara et al, 2011 ; Stevens et al, 2012 ). Clinically serious infections of B. cereus are treated with antibiotics such as carbapenems, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin ( Kervick et al, 1990 ; Bottone, 2010 ; Uchino et al, 2012 ; Matsuda et al, 2014 ). However, resistance against carbapenem and clindamycin has been reported, which eventually led to failed treatments including cases with fatal outcomes ( Kervick et al, 1990 ; Kiyomizu et al, 2008 ; Savini et al, 2009 ; Uchino et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus eﬄux protein BC3310 – a multidrug transporter of the unknown major facilitator family, UMF-2

et al. 2015

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Phylogenetic classification divides the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) into 82 families, including 25 families that are comprised of transporters with no characterized functions. This study describes functional data for BC3310 from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, a member of the “unknown major facilitator family-2” (UMF-2). BC3310 was shown to be a multidrug eﬄux pump conferring resistance to ethidium bromide, SDS and silver nitrate when heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α ΔacrAB. A conserved aspartate residue (D105) in putative transmembrane helix 4 was identified, which was essential for the energy dependent ethidium bromide eﬄux by BC3310. Transport proteins of the MFS comprise specific sequence motifs. Sequence analysis of UMF-2 proteins revealed that they carry a variant of the MFS motif A, which may be used as a marker to distinguish easily between this family and other MFS proteins. Genes orthologous to bc3310 are highly conserved within the B. cereus group of organisms and thus belong to the core genome, suggesting an important conserved functional role in the normal physiology of these bacteria.

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Antibiotic Therapy for Bacillus Species Infections

Cited by 37 publications

References 17 publications

BacillusSpecies Are Present in Chewing Tobacco Sold in the United States and Evoke Plasma Exudation from the Oral Mucosa

BacillusSpecies Are Present in Chewing Tobacco Sold in the United States and Evoke Plasma Exudation from the Oral Mucosa

Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.

Bacillus cereus eﬄux protein BC3310 – a multidrug transporter of the unknown major facilitator family, UMF-2

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