Antibiotic Use and Misuse Among Adults in Magwagwa Ward, Nyamira County in Kenya

Nyambega, John Ombusuro

doi:10.9790/3008-1201018792

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This result was found to be harmonious with some studies [18, 21, 27], and contradicts with other studies [22, 23] when it comes to gender. Some studies showed no significant association of socio-demographic factors with the practice of SMA [22, 23, 27] and other studies showed educational level [12, 22, 26], age, [12, 28, 29] and socioeconomic status [12, 26] to have statistically significantly associated with SMA.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and associated factors in the community of Asmara, Eritrea: a descriptive cross sectional survey

et al. 2019

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Background Development of drug resistance caused by self-medication with antibiotics, can be seen as one of the growing global threats. Self-medication is defined as the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. The purpose of this study is to assess the practice of self-medication with antibiotics and associated factors among the community of Asmara, Eritrea. Methods This was a community based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 16 selected sub-districts of Asmara from September to November 2017. A Two-stage cluster sampling was employed to select study sites and participants. Data was collected in a face to face interview with a structured questionnaire and entered to CSPro version 6.2. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and logistic regression were executed using SPSS version 22. Results A total of 580 study participants were recruited with a response rate of 99.5% ( N = 577). The prevalence of Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) in this study was found to be 45.1% [95% CI (40.5, 49.6)] and majority of them practiced once or twice in a period of 12 months. The main reasons for SMA were previous successful experience (34.4%) and the illness being ‘not serious enough to seek medical care’ (25.7%). Of those who self-medicated, 84.1% of used amoxicillin at least once. Wound infection (17.9%) and sore throat (13.9%) were the most self-recognized complaints that required self-medication. Antibiotics were supplied and recommended mostly by the community drug outlets. Only Sex ( p = 0.046), knowledge ( p = 0.019) and attitude ( p < 0.001) of the participants were found significantly associated with the practice of SMA in the multivariate logistic regression. Conclusions Though majority of the respondents considered self-medication with antibiotics as inappropriate practice, about half of them were practicing it anyway. Therefore immediate attention from relevant bodies is required. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7020-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and associated factors in the community of Asmara, Eritrea: a descriptive cross sectional survey

et al. 2019

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“…The 40 studies included in this review were from 19 African countries and all five African sub‐regions: seven from Northern Africa [24–30], three from Central Africa [31–33], 14 from Western Africa [34–47], 15 from Eastern Africa [48–61] and one from Southern Africa [62] (Figure 2). Thirty‐seven studies were cross‐sectional surveys and three were mixed‐method (i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three of these studies met all nine quality criteria in the assessment tool [48, 63, 64]. Twenty‐four studies showed a low risk of bias [25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 45, 48–52, 54–56, 59–61, 63–65], 15 studies showed a moderate risk of bias [24, 27, 31, 35, 37–39, 41, 44, 46, 57, 58, 62, 66], and one study showed a high risk of bias [33].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 40 studies included in this review were from 19 African countries and all five African sub-regions: seven from Northern Africa [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], three from Central Africa [31][32][33], 14 from Western Africa [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], 15 from Eastern Africa [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] and one from Southern Africa [62] Records identified through database searches (Figure 2). Thirty-seven studies were cross-sectional surveys and three were mixed-method (i.e.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self‐medication with antibiotics in Africa

Yeika

Ingelbeen

Kemah

et al. 2021

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective To evaluate and compare the prevalence, reasons, sources and factors associated with self‐medication with antibiotics (SMA) within Africa. Methods Systematic review and meta‐analysis. An electronic search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed for observational studies conducted between January 2005 and February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts using the PRISMA flowchart and performed quality assessment of eligible studies. Both qualitative and quantitative syntheses were carried out. Results Forty studies from 19 countries were eligible for qualitative synthesis. The prevalence of SMA in Africa ranged from 12.1% to 93.9% with a median prevalence of 55.7% (IQR 41–75%). Western Africa was the sub‐region with the highest reported prevalence of 70.1% (IQR 48.3–82.1%), followed by Northern Africa with 48.1% (IQR 41.1–64.3%). We identified 27 antibiotics used for self‐medication from 13 different antibiotic classes. Most frequently used antibiotics were penicillins (31 studies), tetracyclines (25 studies) and fluoroquinolones (23 studies). 41% of these antibiotics belong to the WHO Watch Group. The most frequent indications for SMA were upper respiratory tract infections (27 studies), gastrointestinal tract symptoms (25 studies) and febrile illnesses (18 studies). Common sources of antibiotics used for self‐medication were community pharmacies (31 studies), family/friends (20 studies), leftover antibiotics (19 studies) and patent medicine stores (18 studies). The most frequently reported factor associated with SMA was no education/low educational status (nine studies). Conclusions The prevalence of SMA is high in Africa and varies across sub‐regions with the highest prevalence reported in Western Africa. Drivers of SMA are complex, comprising of socio‐economic factors and insufficient access to health care coupled with poorly implemented policies regulating antibiotic sales.

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“…In comparison, previous studies conducted in two different cities of Pakistan (Karachi, 80%; Peshawar, 69%) showed a higher prevalence of SMA than the present study [ 4 , 28 ]. In addition to this, studies performed in other developing countries, such as Kenya (60.0%), Nigeria (82.2%), Yemen (87.1%), and Saudi Arabia (40.8%) [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] also showed a higher prevalence of SMA by the public. The differences in the SMA rates may be due to ethnic diversity among the different populations and different healthcare systems in each of these countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Self-Medication with Antibiotics: Prevalence, Practices and Related Factors among the Pakistani Public

et al. 2022

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Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) has become considerably common in developing countries, which is a critical factor for driving antibiotic resistance. Individuals involved in SMA generally do not have adequate knowledge regarding the appropriate use, indications and dosage of these drugs. The objective of the present study was to investigate population SMA practices, knowledge and sociodemographic factors associated with SMA in Islamabad, Pakistan. The study adopted a cross-sectional methodology and data collection was performed through an anonymous, structured and pilot-tested questionnaire, which was interview-administered. Inferential statistics and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Out of 480 participants, 55.6% (n = 267) were male with a mean age of 37.1 ± 10.1 years; the total prevalence of SMA was 32.5%. Ciprofloxacin (42.9%) was the most commonly used antibiotic to treat coughs or colds, a runny nose, flu or sore throat, diarrhea or fevers, which were relevant reasons for SMA. Findings from multivariate logistic regression showed that predictors of SMA were: male gender (95% CI: 0.383–1.005), age (95% CI: 0.317–0.953) and highest level of education (95% CI: 0.961–0.649). Despite reasonable access to healthcare facilities, people are still obtaining antibiotics without prescription, bypassing diagnostic and consultative healthcare services. Thus, the government must implement strict healthcare policies to restrict the sale of antibiotics without prescriptions, while at the same time, targeted public awareness campaigns about the proper use of antibiotics are also required.

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Antibiotic Use and Misuse Among Adults in Magwagwa Ward, Nyamira County in Kenya

Abstract: Self-

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and associated factors in the community of Asmara, Eritrea: a descriptive cross sectional survey

Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and associated factors in the community of Asmara, Eritrea: a descriptive cross sectional survey

Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self‐medication with antibiotics in Africa

Self-Medication with Antibiotics: Prevalence, Practices and Related Factors among the Pakistani Public

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