Anticancer and Apoptotic Activity in Cervical Adenocarcinoma HeLa Using Crude Extract of Ganoderma applanatum

Abstract

Cancer is currently one of the foremost health challenges and a leading cause of death worldwide. Cervical cancer is caused by cofactors, including oral contraceptive use, smoking, multiparity, and HIV infection. One of the major and considerable etiologies is the persistent infection of the oncogenic human papilloma virus. G. applanatum is a valuable medicinal mushroom that has been widely used as a folk medicine for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. In this study, we obtained crude extract from G. applanatum mushroom with a subcritical water extraction method; cell viability assay was carried out and the crude extract showed an antiproliferative effect in HeLa cells with IC50 of 1.55 ± 0.01 mg/mL; however, it did not show any sign of toxicity in HaCaT. Protein expression was detected by Western blot, stability of IκBα and downregulation of NFκB, IKKα, IKKβ, p-NFκB-65(Ser 536) and p-IKKα/β(Ser 176/180), suggesting loss of survival in a dose-dependent manner. RT-qPCR revealed RNA/mRNA expression; fold changes of gene expression in Apaf-1, caspase-3, cytochrome-c, caspase-9, Bax and Bak were increased, which implies apoptosis, and NFκB was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation was seen in the treatment groups as compared to the control group using gel electrophoresis. Identification and quantification of compounds were carried out by GC–MS and HPLC, respectively; 2(5H)furanone with IC50 of 1.99 ± 0.01 μg/mL could be the responsible anticancer compound. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential use of the crude extract of G. applanatum as a natural source with anticancer activity against cervical cancer.

Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Wild Ganoderma applanatum Mushroom from Kerala, South India: Insights into Dietary Nutritional, Mineral, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities

“…Ganoderma spp. have a diverse variety of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, proteins and polysaccharides, steroids, and terpenoids, with advantages in food and medicine, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic [ 21 ], and anticancer properties [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. This has led to a great deal of curiosity regarding in-depth analysis of this mushroom.…”

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with elastic imaging for predicting the efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in cervical cancer: a feasibility study

“…Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common gynecologic malignant epithelial tumor in women worldwide ( 1 ),In most patients, the symptoms are insidious and difficult to detect at the beginning of the disease, and the stage of cervical cancer is already in the middle and advanced stages at the time of presentation ( 2 ). Therefore, annual cervical cancer screening for young and middle-aged women can detect cervical lesions early and intervene in time, which is the key to reducing patient mortality and improving patient outcomes ( 3 ).…”

Anticancer and apoptotic activity in neuroblastoma SK‐N‐SH using phospholipid extract from bone of Scomberomorus niphonius

“…Cancer is currently one of the world's most serious health problems and the top cause of mortality. The predominant etiological factors in the incidence of cancer include environmental/physical, some virus infections/biological, and diets/chemical carcinogens (Kiddane et al, 2022). Neuroblastoma is a solid extracranial tumor that has a wide range of clinical manifestations in children (Castel et al, 2007) and the third most common pediatric cancer (Swift et al, 2018).…”