Anticancer Effects in HT-29 Cells and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Mouse Splenocytes of Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Minerals in Organic Farming

Abstract

In this study, broccoli grown with deep sea water minerals (DSWMs) confirmed anticancer effects in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells and anti-inflammatory effects in C57BL/6 mouse splenocytes. Natural dream cultured broccoli (NB) grown with DSWMs had elevated sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) levels and enhanced the expression of p53 and p21, both of which are associated with cell cycle arrest in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. It also decreased the expression of Bax, Bad, Bim, Bak, caspase-9, and caspase-3. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mouse splenocytes, NB produced little nitric oxide (NO). ELISA research indicated that NB decreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12 expression while increasing NK cell activity. As a result, broccoli cultivated with deep water minerals has better anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties than conventional and organic farming.

Broccoli Cultivated with Deep Sea Water Mineral Fertilizer Enhances Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AOM/DSS-Induced Colorectal Cancer in C57BL/6N Mice

“…Additionally, it was confirmed that the combined treatment of NaCl and CaSO4 increased the sulforaphane content in broccoli. In a previous study, it was confirmed that broccoli extract grown with deep sea water minerals exhibited anticancer effects in HT-29 human colon carcinomas [12,77].…”

“…Therefore, the iCOOP Natural Dream Co. (Goesan, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea) has developed a cultivation method based on organic farming that uses natural minerals extracted from deep-ocean water as fertilizer to fill in insufficient nutrients in the soil. Previous studies have confirmed the in vitro anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of broccoli grown using deep sea water minerals [12].…”

“…This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of broccoli grown using deep sea water minerals (NFB) on the development of AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer. Recently, it was confirmed that NFB inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells by regulating cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis-related pathways and significantly regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6N mouse splenocytes [12]. Over the past two decades, several chemically induced CRC models, such as mouse models of colorectal carcinogenesis, have been developed.…”

“…Blood serum and splenocyte supernatants were then tested for IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10 concentrations using ELISA kits (ELISA kits, BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA). The detailed experimental technique was conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions [12].…”

“…The synthesized cDNA was analyzed for gene expression using a Bio-Rad CFX-96 real-time thermal cycler system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Table 2 shows the gene types and primer sequences used [12].…”