Antifouling Paint Booster Biocides: Occurrence and Partitioning in Water and Sediments

Ecological effects of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on a coastal meiobenthic community: A laboratory microcosm experiment

“…Concentration range (g kg −1 ) References absence of such correlation with Diuron could be due to its lower affinity to sediment (Voulvoulis, 2006), which leads to a higher bioavailability of this compound even when in low concentrations. Contrary to other studies on the effects of pollutants on natural communities (Rapport et al, 1985), results from multivariate analysis did not indicate the presence of tolerant/opportunistic or more sensitive species.…”

Mini-review: Molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds

“…Organic booster biocides, combined with copper-based AF coatings, can control copper-resistant biofouling organisms and thus improve the efficacy of the formulations (Voulvoulis 2006), while concomitantly reducing the amount of copper in the marine coatings. As many suppliers claim, the majority of the booster biocides used currently in AF applications are supposed to degrade either biotically and/or abiotically.…”

“…Organotin was first introduced in the mid-1960s as a relatively environmentally friendly AF compound that was highly effective at deterring settlement. However, the high efficacy of organotin was due primarily to its acute toxicity to fouling organisms (Voulvoulis 2006).…”

“…The most commonly used of the current AF coatings are based on copper (Cu) supplemented by booster biocides to control Cu-resistant fouling organisms (Voulvoulis 2006). The most commonly used booster biocides/co-biocides include Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tertiary-butylamino-6-cyclopropylaminos-triazine), diuron (1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethylurea), zinc pyrithione (2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide zinc salt; ZnPT), copper pyrithione (2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide copper salt; CuPT), chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro isophthalonitrile), and SeaNine 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; DCOIT) (Konstantinou & Albanis 2004;Zhou et al 2006).…”

Isolation and Structural Determination of the Antifouling Diketopiperazines from Marine-Derived <i>Streptomyces praecox</i> 291-11

“…1) However, these antifoulants are toxic, 2) and many studies have reported detecting these antifoulants in water and sediment samples in various aquatic environments. [3][4][5] To develop environmentally sustainable antifouling agents, recent research has been focused on the behavior of microorganisms, biofilm formation and metabolite production which can inhibit marine invertebrate larval settlement and the attachment of algal spores. In the case of diatoms, Daume et al 6) have reported the inhibition of a Haliotis rubra settlement by monospecific diatomaceous biofilms.…”