Antimicrobial peptide defenses against pathogens associated with global amphibian declines

Rollins‐Smith, Louise A.; Doersam, Jennifer K.; Longcore, Joyce E.; Taylor, Sharon K.; Shamblin, Jessica C.; Carey, Cynthia; Zasloff, Michael

doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00041-6

Cited by 154 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Survival of natural populations of R. pipiens and X. laevis infected with B. dendrobatidis (Green et al, 2002;Weldon et al, 2004;Ouellet et al 2005) and resistance to experimental exposure (Rollins-Smith and Conlon, 2005;Carey, unpubl. data) demonstrate that these species are quite resistant to disease development.…”

Section: Collection Of Skin Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Skin secretions containing a mixture of peptides were collected from amphibians after administration of norepinephrine by subcutaneous injection as described by Rollins-Smith et al (2002b). This method was designed to provide a standardized stimulus to induce skin secretions from a variety of small tropical amphibians and to avoid the more painful transcutaneous electrostimulation procedure, which requires calibration for each species (Tyler et al, 1992).…”

Section: Collection Of Skin Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the Sep-Pak procedure removes salts and other contaminants, deionized water may be superior to collection buffer for mass spectrometry analyses. The total concentration of skin peptides recovered after Sep-Pak purification was determined by Micro BCA Assay (Pierce, Rockford, Illinois, USA) following manufacturer's instructions, except that bradykinin (RPPGFSPFR; Sigma) was used to establish a standard curve (Rollins-Smith et al, 2002b).…”

Section: Collection Of Skin Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is an effort to predict the probability of population decline of species within the rainforest amphibian assemblage in Panama based on ecologic characteristics (Lips et al, 2003b), no studies have yet investigated the immune defenses of these species. Defense of the skin is critical for protection from many amphibian pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, parasitic water molds (reviewed in Pessier, 2002;Rollins-Smith et al, 2002a), and Ribeiroia ondatrae (Johnson et al, 2001(Johnson et al, , 2002. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis colonizes keratinized epithelium (Berger et al, 1998;Longcore et al, 1999;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro studies showed that many isolated antimicrobial peptides of frogs had potent activity against the fungal pathogen (Rollins-Smith and Conlon, 2005). Natural mixtures of skin peptides are also active (Rollins-Smith et al, 2002b;Woodhams et al, 2006), and this may be more relevant to the natural immune defense of amphibians given that some peptides may act in synergy to inhibit pathogen growth (Westerhoff et al, 1995;Rollins-Smith et al, 2002a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Woodhams

Voyles

Lips

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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139

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ABSTRACT:Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians caused by a chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This panzootic does not equally affect all amphibian species within an assemblage; some populations decline, others persist. Little is known about the factors that affect disease resistance. Differences in behavior, life history, biogeography, or immune function may impact survival. We found that an innate immune defense, antimicrobial skin peptides, varied significantly among species within a rainforest stream amphibian assemblage that has not been exposed to B. dendrobatidis. If exposed, all amphibian species at this central Panamanian site are at risk of population declines. In vitro pathogen growth inhibition by peptides from Panamanian species compared with species with known resistance (Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis) or susceptibility (Bufo boreas) suggests that of the nine species examined, two species (Centrolene prosoblepon and Phyllomedusa lemur) may demonstrate strong resistance, and the other species will have a higher risk of disease-associated population declines. We found little variation among geographically distinct B. dendrobatidis isolates in sensitivity to an amphibian skin peptide mixture. This supports the hypothesis that B. dendrobatidis is a generalist pathogen and that species possessing an innate immunologic defense at the time of disease emergence are more likely to survive.

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Section: Collection Of Skin Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collection Of Skin Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collection Of Skin Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Woodhams

Voyles

Lips

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Self Cite

139

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Host‐specific thermal profiles affect fitness of a widespread pathogen

Stevenson

Roznik

Alford

et al. 2014

Ecology and Evolution

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Host behavior can interact with environmental context to influence outcomes of pathogen exposure and the impact of disease on species and populations. Determining whether the thermal behaviors of individual species influence susceptibility to disease can help enhance our ability to explain and predict how and when disease outbreaks are likely to occur. The widespread disease chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) often has species-specific impacts on amphibian communities; some host species are asymptomatic, whereas others experience mass mortalities and population extirpation. We determined whether the average natural thermal regimes experienced by sympatric frog species in nature, in and of themselves, can account for differences in vulnerability to disease. We did this by growing Bd under temperatures mimicking those experienced by frogs in the wild. At low and high elevations, the rainforest frogs Litoria nannotis, L. rheocola, and L. serrata maintained mean thermal regimes within the optimal range for pathogen growth (15–25°C). Thermal regimes for L. serrata, which has recovered from Bd-related declines, resulted in slower pathogen growth than the cooler and less variable thermal regimes for the other two species, which have experienced more long-lasting declines. For L. rheocola and L. serrata, pathogen growth was faster in thermal regimes corresponding to high elevations than in those corresponding to low elevations, where temperatures were warmer. For L. nannotis, which prefers moist and thermally stable microenvironments, pathogen growth was fastest for low-elevation thermal regimes. All of the thermal regimes we tested resulted in pathogen growth rates equivalent to, or significantly faster than, rates expected from constant-temperature experiments. The effects of host body temperature on Bd can explain many of the broad ecological patterns of population declines in our focal species, via direct effects on pathogen fitness. Understanding the functional response of pathogens to conditions experienced by the host is important for determining the ecological drivers of disease outbreaks.

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The application of community ecology theory to co‐infections in wildlife hosts

Ramsay¹,

Rohr²

2021

Ecology

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Priority effect theory, a foundational concept from community ecology, states that the order and timing of species arrival during species assembly can affect species composition. Although this theory has been applied to co‐infecting parasite species, it has almost always been with a single time lag between co‐infecting parasites. Thus, how the timing of parasite species arrival affects co‐infections and disease remains poorly understood. To address this gap in the literature, we exposed postmetamorphic Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) to Ranavirus, the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a nematode Aplectana hamatospicula, or pairs of these parasites either simultaneously or sequentially at a range of time lags and quantified load of the secondary parasite and host growth, survival, and parasite tolerance. Prior exposure to Bd or A. hamatospicula significantly increased viral loads relative to hosts singly infected with Ranavirus, whereas A. hamatospicula loads in hosts were higher when coexposed to Bd than when coexposed to Ranavirus. There was a significant positive relationship between time since Ranavirus infection and Bd load, and prior exposure to A. hamatospicula decreased Bd loads compared to simultaneous co‐infection with these parasites. Infections with Bd and Ranavirus either singly or in co‐infections decreased host growth and survival. This research reveals that time lags between co‐infections can affect parasite loads, in line with priority effects theory. As co‐infections in the field are unlikely to be simultaneous, an understanding of when co‐infections are impacted by time lags between parasite exposures may play a major role in controlling problematic co‐infections.

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Antimicrobial peptide defenses against pathogens associated with global amphibian declines

Cited by 154 publications

References 47 publications

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Host‐specific thermal profiles affect fitness of a widespread pathogen

The application of community ecology theory to co‐infections in wildlife hosts

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