Antimicrobial properties of Andrographis paniculata (vinegar) leaf on selected human pathogens

Abstract

The study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Andrographis paniculata against selected human pathogens using microbiological techniques. Different solvents were used to extract the active components from the leaves. The antibacterial activity was studied against selected human pathogens viz, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Bacillus sp and Enterococccus sp. For E. coli, the range of minimum inhibition zone at 2.5 mg/ml, 5.0 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml and 10.0 mg/ml ethanol extract was 15 mm-25 mm while that of aqueous extract was 13 mm-17 mm with a nondetectable zone at 2.5 mg/ml concentration. Salmonella sp had inhibition zone range of 13 mm-22 mm for ethanol extract while the same organism showed minimum inhibitory zone range of 11 mm-21 mm for aqueous extract. The inhibition zone range of ethanol extract against Bacillus sp was 16.5 mm-25.5 mm while aqueous extract had 9.5 mm-19 mm. Finally for Enterococcus sp, the inhibition zone range of ethanol extract was 15 mm-25.5 mm while aqueous extract had 9 mm-25 mm. Among the two solvents, ethanol extract showed greater antibacterial activity against the test organisms when compared with the aqueous extract at 10.0 mg/ml concentration of the extracts. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals in the leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata revealed the presence of alkaloids (6.266±0.376 mg/100g), saponins (11.055±0.134 mg/100g), flavonoids (1.175±0.067 mg/100g), tannins (2.230±0.099 mg/100g) and cyannogenic glycosides (0.870±0.057 mg/100g). The results revealed that 10.0mg/ml concentration had effect on all the test bacteria.

Effect of ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves on selected biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic wistar albino rats

“…The seeds of this plant may be found all across the tropical regions of Asia. Eka et al, (2020) [20] reported that the plant could also be obtained at vegetable gardens and vegetations in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. A study conducted by Nagajothi et al (2018) [42] investigated the photochemical composition of leaves and stem of Andrographis paniculata.…”

“…Luksamee et al (2019) [37] reported that no acute toxicity were seen in mice when a 5000 mg/kg BW fixeddose maximum of a standardized extract of A. paniculata's first true leaf (FTLEE) was given orally. Extracts of A. paniculata have been subject to various researches on its pharmacological activities which include antimicrobial (Eka et al, 2020) [20] , hepatoprotective (Chao and Lin, 2012; Abiodun et al, 2022) [16,2] , antioxidant (Rafat et al, 2010) [48] , anti-pyretic (Mahadeva et al, 2000;Kannan et al 2011) [39,30] and anti-cancer (Hung et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2013;Wei et al, 2013) [27,36,17,57] . Extraction: Andrographis paniculata leaves were freshly harvested from the plant's aerial portions, which were then rinsed with running water.…”