Antimicrobial resistance

Wise, R.; Hart, Tony; Cars, Otto; Streulens, Marc; Helmuth, Reinen; Huovinen, Pentti; Sprenger, M. J. W.

doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7159.609

Cited by 491 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Globally, most antibiotic use occurs outside hospitals, and non-prescription access to antibiotics is common [22,23]. Although the Chinese Food and Drug Administration has had mandatory regulations banning non-prescription purchases of antibiotics for over 10 years, weak enforcement of this policy has enabled easy access to over-the-counter antibiotics in most parts of the country [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic misuse among university students in developed and less developed regions of China: a cross-sectional survey

Peng

Wang

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a great threat to public health. The primary cause of AMR is human antibiotic misuse. Little is known about regional differences of antibiotic misuse behaviours in China. Objectives: To explore the antibiotic misuse behaviours among university students in western and eastern China and find out the regional differences. Methods: Participants were recruited from universities in less developed Guizhou Province and developed Zhejiang Province using a cluster random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to collect data, and the χ2 test and logistic regression were adopted to assess the associations between region and antibiotic misuse behaviours. Results: A total of 2073 university students from Guizhou and 1922 from Zhejiang completed questionnaires. Students in Guizhou had lower household income, parents’ education, and urban residence proportion than those in Zhejiang. Compared with those in Zhejiang, students in Guizhou had higher antibiotic use prescribed by doctors (79.8% vs 56.2%) and self-medication with antibiotics (33.0% vs 16.1%). Students in Guizhou were more likely to buy over-the-counter antibiotics without prescriptions (73.9% vs 63.4%), ask for antibiotics from doctors (21.4% vs 15.6%), and use antibiotics prophylactically (29.9% vs 15.7%). Adjusted models showed that the less developed region was significantly associated with higher antibiotic misuse behaviours. Conclusions: Misuse of antibiotics by well-educated young adults was very high in two regions but most serious in the less developed one. Campaigns are urgently needed to promote appropriate antibiotic use especially in less developed regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic misuse among university students in developed and less developed regions of China: a cross-sectional survey

Peng

Wang

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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“…Resistance rates are quite variable, depending on context and environment. 55,[59][60][61] The first resistant strains appeared in hospitals, but rapidly spread to the community and are continuing to spread around the world. Resistant microorganisms recognize no geographical borders.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain antibiotics have mutagenic activity, which can speed up the development of resistance. 7,35,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Multiple resistant genes which are resistant to different antibiotics with the same chemical structure are often found in the same plasmid or transposon. If the drug mechanism is similar, bacteria resistant to one member of the group will also be resistant to the others.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

The determinants of the antibiotic resistance process

Espinosa¹

2009

IDR

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Background:The use of antibiotic drugs triggers a complex interaction involving many biological, sociological, and psychological determinants. Resistance to antibiotics is a serious worldwide problem which is increasing and has implications for morbidity, mortality, and health care both in hospitals and in the community. Objectives: To analyze current research on the determinants of antibiotic resistance and comprehensively review the main factors in the process of resistance in order to aid our understanding and assessment of this problem. Methods: We conducted a MedLine search using the key words "determinants", "antibiotic", and "antibiotic resistance" to identify publications between 1995 and 2007 on the determinants of antibiotic resistance. Publications that did not address the determinants of antibiotic resistance were excluded. Results: The process and determinants of antibiotic resistance are described, beginning with the development of antibiotics, resistance and the mechanisms of resistance, sociocultural determinants of resistance, the consequences of antibiotic resistance, and alternative measures proposed to combat antibiotic resistance. Conclusions: Analysis of the published literature identifi ed the main determinants of antibiotic resistance as irrational use of antibiotics in humans and animal species, insuffi cient patient education when antibiotics are prescribed, lack of guidelines for treatment and control of infections, lack of scientifi c information for physicians on the rational use of antibiotics, and lack of offi cial government policy on the rational use of antibiotics in public and private hospitals.

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“…Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem and a cause of major concern in many countries. [13] This study is aimed to determine the distribution of bacterial uropathogens and their susceptibility to antimicrobials in patients who attended outpatient and inpatient from various departments of RIMS, Teaching Hospital, RAICHUR, Karnataka from September 2014 to April 2016.…”

Section: Issn: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 10 (2017) Pp 1530-1536mentioning

confidence: 99%