Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>in Retail Foods in Shaanxi, China

Wang, Xin; Li, Guanghui; Xia, Xiaodong; Yang, Baowei; Xi, Meili; Meng, Jianghong

doi:10.1089/fpd.2013.1643

Cited by 93 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In our study participants, the high prevalence of resistance of S. aureus and MRSA isolates to cefoxitin, clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be related to the imprudent use of these drugs in humans and food animals in China (27,46). Consistent with our study, a report in four Chinese provinces indicated that all MRSA isolates from farm workers were resistant to cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and tetracycline (9).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Wang

Fan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Use of antimicrobials in industrial food animal production is associated with the presence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals and humans. The livestock-associated (LA) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 9 (CC9) is associated with animals and related workers in Asia. This study aimed to explore the genotypic and phenotypic markers of LA-MRSA CC9 in humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study of livestock workers and controls in Guangdong, China. The study participants responded to a questionnaire and provided a nasal swab for S. aureus analysis. The resulting isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, multilocus sequence type, and immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections, causing diseases ranging from minor skin infections to severe septicemia and pneumonia, and is of particular concern because few antibiotics are effective at treating infections caused by the pathogen. The epidemiology of MRSA has changed with the increasing emergence of community-associated MRSA (1, 2). Recently, another MRSA clone emerged in the community, which was observed in livestock and related workers and was referred to as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) (3). Livestock, especially pigs, can serve as reservoirs for LA-MRSA, and the bacteria can also be transmitted to humans in close contact with MRSAcolonized animals (4, 5).LA-MRSA isolates have unique molecular characteristics that distinguish them from community-associated MRSA and health care-associated MRSA, and these characteristics vary according to the geographic area. Sequence type 398 (ST398) has been referred to as the most pandemic LA-MRSA in Europe and North America, while ST9 is the most prevalent LA-MRSA in most Asian countries (3). However, persons living in areas of high livestock density were also found to have a greater risk of LA-MRSA carriage even if they lacked direct contact with livestock (6, 7). Thus, the possibility of direct and indirect livestock contact as a potential source of human MRSA infection has become a growing public health concern.Few reports have described the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of LA-MRSA in developing countries in Asia. In China, MRSA has been isolated from pigs and pig workers (8, 9). However, there is still very limited information on LA-MRSA infection among healthy people. In addition, few studies examining human MRSA carriage have attempted to differentiate humanfrom livestock-associated isolates based on genotypic and phenotypic markers. The goals of this study, therefore, were to determine the prevalence of MRSA (including LA-MRSA) in livestock workers and control workers in Guangdong, as well as to use the multifactor dimensionality reduction method to detect the genotypic and phenotypic markers for LA-MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODSEthics statement. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Pharmaceutical Universit...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Wang

Fan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…CC59 is widespread in humans and several MRSA strains originate from this lineage [109,138,139,140]. It has been detected in workers in contact with livestock or animal carcasses [141,142] and retail food [143] as well as in pets [144] but we are not aware of reports to date from wildlife.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CC88 is a widespread human lineage from which MRSA strains evolved that are common in Australia [145] and Sub-Saharan Africa [119,146,147,148,149]. It has been described from laboratory mice [35], from retail food [143] and from pigs [150]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife

et al. 2016

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Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in a convenience sample of European wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 S. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in Germany, Austria and Sweden; they were characterized by DNA microarray hybridization and, for isolates with novel hybridization patterns, by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates were assigned to 29 clonal complexes and singleton sequence types (CC1, CC5, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC9, CC12, CC15, CC22, CC25, CC30, CC49, CC59, CC88, CC97, CC130, CC133, CC398, ST425, CC599, CC692, CC707, ST890, CC1956, ST2425, CC2671, ST2691, CC2767 and ST2963), some of which (ST2425, ST2691, ST2963) were not described previously. Resistance rates in wildlife strains were rather low and mecA-MRSA isolates were rare (n = 6). mecC-MRSA (n = 8) were identified from a fox, a fallow deer, hares and hedgehogs. The common cattle-associated lineages CC479 and CC705 were not detected in wildlife in the present study while, in contrast, a third common cattle lineage, CC97, was found to be common among cervids. No Staphylococcus argenteus or Staphylococcus schweitzeri-like isolates were found. Systematic studies are required to monitor the possible transmission of human- and livestock-associated S. aureus/MRSA to wildlife and vice versa as well as the possible transmission, by unprotected contact to animals. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in wildlife as well as its population structures in different wildlife host species warrants further investigation.

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“…All of the isolates were characterized by spa typing, MLST, and PFGE as previously described by Wang et al (2014).…”

Section: Molecular Typingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus ST6-t701 Isolates from Food-Poisoning Outbreaks (2006–2013) in Xi'an, China

Shou-zhi

Wen

et al. 2015

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular epidemiologic of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from seven staphylococcal food-poisoning (SFP) outbreaks between 2006 and 2013 in Xi'an, northwest China. A total of seven S. aureus isolates associated with seven SFP outbreaks were obtained and characterized by determining the multilocus sequence typing, spa typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial susceptibility, toxin and resistant genes. The results showed that S. aureus ST6-t701 (71.4%) was the most predominant clone, followed by ST5-t002 and ST59-t172 (each 14.3%). Seven different PFGE patterns were obtained. Moreover, resistance was most frequently observed to trimethoprim and penicillin (each 71.4%), followed by erythromycin (28.6%), ampicillin, clindamycin, and tetracycline (each 14.3%). All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, cefoxitin, oxacillin, amikacin, and vancomycin. Three of seven strains displayed resistance to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance genes were found as follows: linA/linA' (100%), blaZ (85.7%), tet(K), ermC, ermT, and ermB (each 14.3%). Other resistant genes were not detected. In addition, the most frequently identified exotoxin genes were seu, lukED, hla, hlb, hld (each 100%), followed by hlg and hlgv (each 85.7%), lukPV (71.4%), sea (57.1%), see (42.9%), etd (28.6%), and seb, sec, sed, sej, and sek (each 14.3%). The results indicated that S. aureus ST6-t701, with a high prevalence in the northwest of China, exhibited multidrug resistance and harbored multiple toxin and resistance genes. Therefore, strict hygienic and preventative measures should be taken in order to avoid the contamination of food by S. aureus and toxin production in foods.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Retail Foods in Shaanxi, China

Cited by 93 publications

References 31 publications

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans

Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife

Staphylococcus aureus ST6-t701 Isolates from Food-Poisoning Outbreaks (2006–2013) in Xi'an, China

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