Antimony and Antimony Compounds

Grund, Sabina C.; Hanusch, Kunibert; Breunig, H. J.; Wolf, Hans

doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 65 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Other applications from which elements are currently unrecyclable include chemical additives and catalysts. The largest market sector for antimony is as an additive to various materials to prevent the release of flammable gases. , A combination of antimony trioxide with halogens (e.g., chlorinated alkyd resin) is used as a flame-retardant in adhesives, plastics (e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene), rubber, textiles, paper, and pigments (e.g., in chromate pigments manufacturing). Tin is used as a stabilizer in PVC production, while the market for wood preservatives based on arsenic (e.g., chromated copper arsenate, CCA) grew after arsenic was banned for agricultural uses .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified CCA as a restricted use product, and CCA-containing wood is no longer being produced for residential applications; a similar restriction was also applied by the European Commission . Further restrictions for the use of arsenic in wood preservatives and pesticides have been debated, but the arsenic put into use in past years will remain in in-use stocks until its final disposal, which considering the long lifetimes of buildings and constructions will not occur for many years …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lost by Design

Ciacci

Reck

Nassar

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

169

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In some common uses metals are lost by intent-copper in brake pads, zinc in tires, and germanium in retained catalyst applications being examples. In other common uses, metals are incorporated into products in ways for which no viable recycling approaches exist, examples include selenium in colored glass and vanadium in pigments. To determine quantitatively the scope of these "losses by design", we have assessed the major uses of 56 metals and metalloids, assigning each use to one of three categories: in-use dissipation, currently unrecyclable when discarded, or potentially recyclable when discarded. In-use dissipation affects fewer than a dozen elements (including mercury and arsenic), but the spectrum of elements dissipated increases rapidly if applications from which they are currently unrecyclable are considered. In many cases the resulting dissipation rates are higher than 50%. Among others, specialty metals (e.g., gallium, indium, and thallium) and some heavy rare earth elements are representative of modern technology, and their loss provides a measure of the degree of unsustainability in the contemporary use of materials and products. Even where uses are currently compatible with recycling technologies and approaches, end of life recycling rates are in most cases well below those that are potentially achievable. The outcomes of this research provide guidance in identifying product design approaches for reducing material losses so as to increase element recovery at end-of-life.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lost by Design

Ciacci

Reck

Nassar

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

169

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) is one of the most stable and abundant sources of antimony. 26 Unlike the oxide analogue (Sb 2 O 3 ), stibnite favours formation of ribbons. The presence of PnBs between ribbon layers has been recognized previously suggesting that a thiol analogue of the previously studied antimony alkoxides might still self-assemble.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-assembly of reversed bilayer vesicles through pnictogen bonding: water-stable supramolecular nanocontainers for organic solvents

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Antimony and its compounds are widely used in making catalysts, ceramics, glasses, batteries, paints, firework materials, ammunition, and fire retardants. − Sb consumption is continuously increasing, whereas natural reserves of Sb are declining; thus, the recovery of Sb has become a topic of interest. − In nonferrous metallurgy processes, Sb is mainly concentrated in dusts and slags together with As due to their similar chemical properties. This dust cannot be directly used in the Sb smelting process owing to its high As content. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Destruction of As–Sb Solid Solution through a Selective Oxidation Process in the Presence of CaO and Its Effect on As Removal from the As–Sb Dust

Mao

2019

ACS Omega

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As–Sb dust from metallurgical processes causes serious environmental issues due to the presence of the toxic element As. In this study, a facile method for removing As through the destruction of the As–Sb solid solution structure from the dust using CaO under an oxidizing atmosphere was processed. The effects of the variables, including the amount of CaO added, roasting temperature and time, and oxygen partial pressure, on the volatilization of As and Sb were investigated. Under an oxidizing atmosphere in the presence of CaO, the formation of the vitreous material (As–Sb–O) was hindered through the transformation of Sb 2 O 3 and (As, Sb) 2 O 3 in the untreated dust into Sb 2 O 4 , Sb 2 O 5 , Sb 6 O 13 , and Ca 2 Sb 2 O 7 , and the volatilization of arsenic was promoted, as a result. The volatilization attained for As was 91.53% whereas that for Sb was only 4.30% under the following optimum conditions: 5 mass % CaO, a roasting temperature of 550 °C, an O 2 partial pressure of 21 vol % (air), and a roasting time of 80 min.

show abstract

Antimony and Antimony Compounds

Cited by 22 publications

References 65 publications

Lost by Design

Lost by Design

Self-assembly of reversed bilayer vesicles through pnictogen bonding: water-stable supramolecular nanocontainers for organic solvents

Structural Destruction of As–Sb Solid Solution through a Selective Oxidation Process in the Presence of CaO and Its Effect on As Removal from the As–Sb Dust

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About