Antimony- based electrodes for analytical determinations

Abstract

This review summarizes analytical determinations carried out using antimony film electrodes (SbFEs), an environmentally safe option that constitutes an alternative not only to the most conventional Hg-based electrodes but also to Bi-based electrodes. SbFEs offer some interesting characteristics such as favorably negative overvoltage of hydrogen evolution, wide operational potential window, convenient operation in acidic solutions of pH 2 or lower and a very small Sb stripping signal. The substrate on which the Sb was plated is used to classify the types of SbFEs. Moreover, we detail the method of coating the substrate with Sb as well as the Sb modifiers. We present tables with the most important information from the accessible literature.

Pnictogen (As, Sb, Bi) Nanosheets for Electrochemical Applications Are Produced by Shear Exfoliation Using Kitchen Blenders

“…[11] Since the early 2000s,B ia nd Sb bulk film electrodes have become avaluable alternative to classical Hg-based electrodes in electroanalytical studies. [32][33][34] Because of its acute toxicity,A si sn ot studied as an electrode material, but instead in the electrochemical detection of arsenite,A s III . [35] We do not advocate for As as an electrode material, but use it in the comparison with the other group elements.…”

Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses

“…In contrast, screen-printing carbon based electrodes have been shown to be highly successful allowing for mass production with good precision. Recently, the application of SPCEs for the determination of metal ions has been reviewed by a number of authors [96,97,98,99,100,101,102]. Four approaches have been identified: Hg thin layer, Bi or Sb thin film and unmodified carbon electrodes using stripping voltammetry and to a lesser extent, biosensor based systems.…”

A Chemically-Bound Glutathione Sensor Bioinspired by the Defense of Organisms against Heavy Metal Contamination: Optimization of the Immobilization Conditions

“…For a long time, stripping voltammetric measurements were mostly carried out with mercury drop or mercury film electrodes [8]. However, in the last years, the toxicity of mercury has encouraged its replacement by alternative materials such as bismuth and antimony films on carbon supports or conventional solid electrodes chemically modified with nanoparticles and molecules having some affinity for heavy metals [9][10][11]. More recently, the popularization of screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and their commercial availability in a wide variety of materials has largely expanded the field of application of modified electrodes as substitutes for mercury [12].…”