Antioxidative and Oxidative Profiles in Plasma and Saliva in Dairy Cows during Pregnancy

Abstract

Increased metabolism that occurs during pregnancy can result in oxidative stress which is harmful to cells and, consequently, for the proper functioning of the whole organism. Plasma and recently also saliva are important resources for evaluating physiological and pathological conditions in animals. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the metabolic state on the effectiveness of the antioxidant profile of plasma and saliva during the pregnancy of cows. Seventy-six healthy pregnant and twelve non-pregnant control cows were included in the study. Blood and saliva samples were collected each month of the pregnancy course. Examined body fluids were used to evaluate both the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the oxidative parameters related to protein and lipid peroxidative processes. TAC, the content of hydroperoxides, and SH groups were determined spectrophotometrically while formylokinurenine and bityrosine contents were measured spectrofluorimetrically. The results showed dynamic changes depending on the period of pregnancy course. The highest antioxidant activity in plasma was mostly noted in early pregnancy and advanced pregnant cows. All tested parameters except SH groups expressed higher values in saliva compared to plasma. Obtained results reveal that the increase in oxidative intensity induced appropriate answers of cells reflected in the increase in antioxidative activity of the organism. Moreover, some examined parameters can indicate the intensity of oxidative stress and therefore could be used in a panel of markers of the physiological course of pregnancy. However, with regards to antioxidant/oxidative parameters, saliva reflects the content of plasma only in part, due to the local metabolism of the salivary gland. Further studies are necessary to establish physiological ranges of antioxidative/oxidative profiles in cows and to define the usefulness of saliva as biological material in oxidative stress diagnostics.

Effect of In Ovo Administration of a Multi-Strain Probiotic and Zinc Glycine Chelate on Antioxidant Capacity and Selected Immune Parameters in Newly Hatched Chicks

“…To assess the extent of damage to cell membranes, we used an indirect method, involving the monitoring of a persistent radical cation formed in the reaction of alkoxy and peroxy radicals derived from hydroperoxides with a suitable additive such as DEPPD [67]. The analysis of the results indicated that at 12 h post-hatch, lipid peroxidation is increased in the serum and heart of birds receiving Zn-Gly chelate in ovo and in the pectoral muscle of birds receiving the multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly (group III) or Zn-Gly (group IV).…”

Haematological and chosen biochemical parameter assessment of the antioxidant system in red deer (Cervus elaphus) blood in early and late pregnancy

“…As a component of the ungulate strategy for winter season adaptation, body fat reserves are used in addition to food, which could also affect ROS formation, leading to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation ( 1 , 8 ). In our study we found lower values of plasma MDA in the third trimester, which could be an indirect result of CAT activity and the elevation of total glutathione and GSSG pools, suggesting an effective antioxidant system compensation ( 20 ).…”

“…Metabolic changes in the body involve the production of ROS, the ROS balance being controlled by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymes diminish the excess of ROS, and are supported by the non-enzymatic components glutathione, bilirubin and uric acid in stabilisation of the redox state ( 8 ). Also, plasma proteins such as albumins prevent the production of free radicals by binding free metals ( 27 ).…”