Antipyretic Medicinal Plants, Phytocompounds, and Green Nanoparticles: An Updated Review

Abstract

Pyrexia itself is not a terminal condition. Basically, it occurs with mild to serious diseases affecting the large population of the world. Other than a high body temperature, pyrexia is accompanied by several sickness behaviors, changes in physiological and metabolic characteristics of the body system, and alteration in the immune responses. Various allopathic drugs are available to treat pyrexia by targeting the symptom or the pathogen itself. Drug-resistance has made control and treatment of vectors more difficult. However, a large number of marginal people are obligated to utilize locally available medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases due to limited access to synthetic drugs. Developments in the field of nanotechnology and phytochemical research towards the discovery of new antimicrobial agents have also drawn the interest of researchers towards the synthesis of green nanoparticles from the plant extracts due to their several benefits than the other methods. Thus, the present report discusses the use of ethnomedicinal plants, phytocompounds, and the application of green nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts to treat pyrexia.

Exploring the Frontiers of Green Nanotechnology: Advancing Biomedicine, Herbonanoceuticals, Environment, and Sustainability

“…Cosmic particles are derived from the latex of Euphorbia nivulia stem, which is a common milkweed plant. Chaudhary et al (2023) observed an increase in the antipyretic potential of these extracts after doping with copper nanoparticles. These compounds include peptides and terpenoids found in the latex.…”

Nanotechnology: Fundamental Aspects and Biomedical and Technological Applications

“…Additionally, scientists aim to construct a universal vaccine scaffold that would cover more forms of the flu and need fewer resources to develop each year [36]. Compelling evidence shows that bio-nano materials have immense potential against several microbes and vectors involved in pyrexia and related disorders [37][38][39]. Recent reports substantiate nanomedicines' beneficial roles in treating neurological or neurodegenerative diseases [40][41][42][43].…”

Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles from Seed Extracts: Characteristics, Properties, and Applications

“…For example, seeds of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), kalnoji (Nigella sativa), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and jamun (Syzygiumcumini) contain very rich amounts of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins and thiamine [76,83,[86][87][88][89]. Thus, NPs synthesized from such seeds present an added value as compared to NPs synthesized through biological methods, including the synthesis of NPs through microbial action (pure strains), which is quite a tricky process and consumes more time to convert the soluble metallic salts into elemental NPs/elemental oxide [8,10]. The broadspectrum mechanism known in the diverse NP biosynthesis using seed extracts is displayed in Figure 2 and summarized in Table 2.…”

“…Consequently, nanotechnology was combined with green chemistry to produce nature friendly NPs via microbes, plants, and others to overcome such problems [9]. In this approach, pure metal and metal oxide NPs are generated via a biomimetic approach, where the biological system executes the role of biological laboratories [10]. To synthesize biogenic NPs, the bottom-up approach is followed, where compounds and atoms act as the building block and self-accumulate themselves to form the final product [11].…”