Apes

Lowenstine, Linda J.; McManamon, Rita; Terio, Karen A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00015-8

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 309 publications

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“…and Oesophagostomum / Ternidens spp. Cases of infant strongyloidiasis were described for orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus ) and mentioned as the most significant cause of death of wild-born individuals in zoos ( Lowenstine et al., 2008 ). Missing interactions with Enterobius spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-infection patterns of intestinal parasites in arboreal primates (proboscis monkeys, Nasalis larvatus) in Borneo

Klaus¹,

Zimmermann²,

Röper³

et al. 2017

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Non-human primates of South-East Asia remain under-studied concerning parasite epidemiology and co-infection patterns. Simultaneously, efforts in conservation demand knowledge of parasite abundance and biodiversity in threatened species. The Endangered proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus, a primate flagship species for conservation in Borneo, was investigated in the present study. Habitat loss and fragmentation are among the greatest threats to bachelor and harem groups of this folivorous colobine. Designed as a follow-up study, prevalence and co-infection status of intestinal parasites from N. larvatus in a protected area in Malaysian Borneo were analyzed from fecal samples using a flotation method. For the first time, the intestinal parasite co-infection patterns were examined using quantitative analyses. Overall, 92.3% of fecal samples (N = 652) were positive for helminth eggs. Five helminth groups were detected: (1) trichurids (82.7% prevalence) including Trichuris spp. (82.1%) and Anatrichosoma spp. (1.4%), (2) strongyles (58.9%) including Trichostrongylus spp. (48.5%) and Oesophagostomum/Ternidens spp. (22.8%), (3) Strongyloides fuelleborni (32.7%), (4) Ascaris lumbricoides (8.6%), and (5) Enterobius spp. (5.5%). On average, an individual was co-infected with two different groups. Significant positive associations were found for co-infections of trichurids with strongyles and S. fuelleborni as well as S. fuelleborni with A. lumbricoides and strongyles. This study shows a high prevalence of various gastrointestinal helminths with potential transmission pathways primarily related to soil and with zoonotic relevance in wild proboscis monkeys in their remaining natural habitats. Observed positive associations of trichurids with strongyles and Strongyloides spp. may result from the high prevalence of trichurids. Similarly, positive associations between Strongyloides and Ascaris were found, both of which typically occur predominantly in juvenile hosts. These findings should be considered when proposing conservation actions in altered habitats nearby human settlements and when managing captive populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-infection patterns of intestinal parasites in arboreal primates (proboscis monkeys, Nasalis larvatus) in Borneo

Klaus¹,

Zimmermann²,

Röper³

et al. 2017

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…Humans are the main reservoirs host of M. tb [ 22 , 23 ] and infection in NHPs mostly occurs by close contact with TB-infected humans through the inhalation of aerosolized bacteria or other routes, such as ingestion and wounds [ 13 , 19 ]. Conversely, there is no evidence of direct primate-to-human transmission [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals with latent TB may appear healthy for years, but eventual reactivation of latent TB can result in secondary transmission and outbreaks of disease in established colonies [ 12 ]. Both in humans and non-human primates this is a chronic disease and clinical signs are non-specific including weight loss, anorexia, and poor body condition; in more advanced cases respiratory signs such as dyspnea and coughing can be present [ 23 , 25 ]. M. tb causes progressive pulmonary disease in many non-human primate species [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M. tb causes progressive pulmonary disease in many non-human primate species [ 26 ]. As it occurs in humans, the respiratory system is the primary site of infection, with involvement of lungs and local lymph-nodes; in advanced cases systemic spread to liver, kidneys, spinal column, spleen and other organs can occur [ 11 , 23 ]. When the respiratory tract is the primary site of infection, post-mortem lesions consist of multifocal to coalescing granulomatous pneumonia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the respiratory tract is the primary site of infection, post-mortem lesions consist of multifocal to coalescing granulomatous pneumonia. Oral infections are characterized by granulomatous lesions in the abdominal viscera and the mesenteric lymph-nodes [ 11 , 23 ]. Since lesions are similar among the different members of the MTBC, PCR testing is needed to definitely confirm infection by M. tb [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African Apes, What Is Its True Health Impact?

Sánchez

Hidalgo-Hermoso

2022

Pathogens

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Since the Symposium on Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals held at the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution in 1976, our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) in non-domestic animals has greatly expanded. Throughout the past decades, this knowledge has resulted in improved zoo-habitats and facilities design, stricter biosecurity measures, and advanced diagnostic methods, including molecular techniques, that have significantly decreased the number of clinical disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in apes under human care settings. In the other hand, exponential growth of human populations has led to human encroachment in wildlife habitat which has resulted in increased inter-species contact and recurrent conflict between humans and wild animals. Although it is widely accepted that non-human primates are susceptible to M. tb infection, opinions differ with regard to the susceptibility to develop disease amongst different taxa. Specifically, some authors suggest that African apes are less susceptible to clinical tuberculosis than other species of primates. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the current scientific literature to determine the actual health impact of disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and more specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African apes. The literature review included literature databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley, Springer and Science direct, without temporal limit and proceedings of annual conferences in the field of wildlife health. Our general inclusion criteria included information about serological, molecular, pathological (macroscopic and/or microscopic), and clinical evidence of TB in African apes; while our, our more stringent inclusion selection criteria required that in addition to a gross pathology, a molecular test confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto as the cause of disease or death. We identified eleven reports of tuberculosis in African apes; of those, only four reports met the more stringent selection criteria that confirmed M. tb sensu stricto in six individuals. All reports that confirmed M. tb sensu stricto originated from zoological collections. Our review suggests that there is little evidence of disease or mortality caused by M. tb in the different species of African apes both under human care and free ranging populations. Additional studies are needed in free-ranging, semi-captive populations (sanctuaries) and animals under human care (zoos and rescue centers) to definitely conclude that this mycobacteria has a limited health effect in African ape species.

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The establishment of a collaborative surveillance program with indigenous hunters to characterize primate health in Southern Guyana

Milstein,

Shaffer,

Suse

et al. 2024

American J Primatol

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The consumption of primates is integral to the traditional subsistence strategies of many Indigenous communities throughout Amazonia. Understanding the overall health of primates harvested for food in the region is critical to Indigenous food security and thus, these communities are highly invested in long‐term primate population health. Here, we describe the establishment of a surveillance comanagement program among the Waiwai, an Indigenous community in the Konashen Amerindian Protected Area (KAPA). To assess primate health in the KAPA, hunters performed field necropsies on primates harvested for food and tissues collected from these individuals were analyzed using histopathology. From 2015 to 2019, hunters conducted 127 necropsies across seven species of primates. Of this sample, 82 primates (between 2015 and 2017) were submitted for histopathological screening. Our histopathology data revealed that KAPA primates had little evidence of underlying disease. Of the tissue abnormalities observed, the majority were either due to diet (e.g., hepatocellular pigment), degenerative changes resulting from aging (e.g., interstitial nephritis, myocyte lipofusion), or nonspecific responses to antigenic stimulation (renal and splenic lymphoid hyperplasia). In our sample, 7.32% of individuals had abnormalities that were consistent with a viral etiology, including myocarditis and hepatitis. Internal parasites were observed in 53.66% of individuals and is consistent with what would be expected from a free‐ranging primate population. This study represents the importance of baseline data for long‐term monitoring of primate populations hunted for food. More broadly, this research begins to close a critical gap in zoonotic disease risk related to primate harvesting in Amazonia, while also demonstrating the benefits of partnering with Indigenous hunters and leveraging hunting practices in disease surveillance and primate population health assessment.

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Apes

Cited by 12 publications

References 309 publications

Co-infection patterns of intestinal parasites in arboreal primates (proboscis monkeys, Nasalis larvatus) in Borneo

Co-infection patterns of intestinal parasites in arboreal primates (proboscis monkeys, Nasalis larvatus) in Borneo

Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African Apes, What Is Its True Health Impact?

The establishment of a collaborative surveillance program with indigenous hunters to characterize primate health in Southern Guyana

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