Apoptosis Disorder, a Key Pathogenesis of HCMV-Related Diseases

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) belongs to the β-herpesvirus family, which is transmitted in almost every part of the world and is carried by more than 90% of the general population. Increasing evidence indicates that HCMV infection triggers numerous diseases by disrupting the normal physiological activity of host cells, particularly apoptosis. Apoptosis disorder plays a key role in the initiation and development of multiple diseases. However, the relationship and molecular mechanism of HCMV-related diseases and apoptosis have not yet been systematically summarized. This review aims to summarize the role of apoptosis in HCMV-related diseases and provide an insight into the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by HCMV infection. We summarize the literature on HCMV-related diseases and suggest novel strategies for HCMV treatment by regulating apoptosis.

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate related signalling pathways manipulating virus replication

“…Human cytomegalovirus is inherited by more than 90% of the general population. 81 In healthy adults, HCMV infection is often benign, but in infants with perinatal infection and in those with diminished immune systems, it can result in serious morbidity. It is found that the increase of SphK1 activity and the decrease of S1P degradation activity in HCMVinfected cells.…”

“…The population is susceptible to the herpetic virus referred to as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Human cytomegalovirus is inherited by more than 90% of the general population 81 . In healthy adults, HCMV infection is often benign, but in infants with perinatal infection and in those with diminished immune systems, it can result in serious morbidity.…”

The influence of PM2.5 exposure on kidney diseases

“…It is certain that proper apoptosis helps to maintain the normal function of the body, while dysregulation of apoptosis causes serious consequences. 67 Tubular epithelial cells and podocytes are important cells in the kidney that perform reabsorption and filtration functions. Their excessive apoptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of renal diseases.…”

An Open Question: Is Non-Ionizing Radiation a Tool for Controlling Apoptosis-Induced Proliferation?

“…In fact, there is a fine balance in the amount of apoptosis that should occur in different tissues at all developmental stages. For example, both excess or insufficient apoptosis has been shown to result in common and debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, rheumatoid arthritis, viral infection (such as coronaviruses, HIV, herpes), and carcinogenesis [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Apoptosis can be initiated both intrinsically and extrinsically by a variety of signals, where intrinsic apoptosis involves mitochondria and mitochondrial machinery [ 24 ] and extrinsic apoptosis is mediated by activation of transmembrane death receptors (which are part of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family) [ 25 , 26 ].…”