Apoptosis Induction Pathway in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line SW480 Exposed to Cereal Phenolic Extracts

Abstract

Cereal phenolic extracts have previously been investigated for their potential anticancer properties; however, the exact mechanisms involved in the inhibition of tumour growth are unclear. One possible mechanism is the induction of apoptosis which is characterised by cell shrinkage, protein fragmentation, and DNA degradation followed by rapid engulfment of cell debris by macrophages. This study examines the ability of phenolic extracts from four cereals: rice, barley, oats and sorghum to induce apoptosis on colorectal cancer cells SW480. Wholegrain extracts from pigmented varieties of red rice, purple rice, black sorghum, and brown sorghum showed a significant reduction in cancer cell proliferation. Morphological observation using APOPercentage™ dye indicated positive for apoptosis. Further analyses of Yunlu29 (rice), Shawaya Short Black 1 and IS1136 (sorghum) showed expression of p53 and confirmed activation of multiple caspases, specifically for caspase 3 and 7. Purple rice, on the other hand, did not upregulate caspase 3 and 7, hence, suggestive of cell cycle arrest. Therefore, phenolic compounds present in cereals such as pigmented rice and sorghum may suppress cancer cell proliferation through the activation of the apoptosis.

Anti-glioblastoma Effects of Structural Variants of Benzoylphenoxyacetamide (BPA): II. Synthesis Strategies for Phenolic Variants of BPAs With Potential for Blood Brain Barrier Penetration.

“…This includes, among other properties, chemical and physical parameters (described below) that contribute to the increased BBB penetration, and possibly drug retention within the tumor tissue. In this regard, we have selected phenol and naphthol residues due to mounting evidence supporting the role of different derivatives of these compounds in health benefits 34 , including anti-cancer activities 28,29 . In this paper, three variants of BPA are discussed: a substituted phenol (Phenolic-BPA)], and two naphtholic BPAs (1-Naphtholic-BPA and 2-Naphtholic-BPA) (Scheme 2) that serve as prototype molecules for further modifications.…”

“…In addition, PP1 was capable of triggering extensive glioblastoma cell death in vitro at concentrations over 4-fold lower than FF 26 (Scheme 1). To further improve anti-glioblastoma efficacy, we created other FF derivatives, which share the benzoyl-phenoxy-acetamide (BPA) molecular skeleton, and decided to test the addition of phenol and naphthol residues to the BPA structure due to the potential anti-cancer effects of these moieties [27][28][29][30] . As a result, 18 new compounds were generated and were analyzed during this study.…”

Bauerane Induces S-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Inhibition of Proliferation of A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells Through the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) Signaling Pathway

“…For this purpose, the secondary plant metabolites have been studied for their effects against human cancers [18]. Plant phenolic compounds have been screened for their anticancer effects, and several studies have shown that these compounds inhibit the growth and proliferation of human cancers [19][20][21].…”

A mechanistic review: potential chronic disease‐preventive properties of sorghum

“…The well‐known tumor suppressor p53 plays a vital role in overcoming apoptosis and in helping cell cycle arrest, as its transcriptional activity can activate expression of p21 and BAX in response to stress 61 . Studies have shown polyphenol extracts from sorghum to enhance p53 gene expression in breast 44, 56 and colon cancer 62 . However, beneficial effect of sorghum component might be associated with p53‐independent pathway 63 .…”