Apparatus for the Determination of Water Solubility in Hydrocarbon: Toluene and Alkylcyclohexanes (C<sub>6</sub> to C<sub>8</sub>) from 30 °C to 180 °C

Marche, Céline; Ferronato, Corinne; Hemptinne, § and Jean-Charles De; José, Jacques

doi:10.1021/je0502041

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The analytical method developed in this study exploits the relative difference in solubility of Nic and NicH + in toluene and water, respectively. With a solubility of water in toluene of 3.3 × 10 –3 mole fraction, , 6 mL of toluene absorbs a minimal amount of 3.36 μL from the water phase. The extracted Nic in the toluene phase was then introduced into a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer for quantification.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that toluene is an effective agent for nicotine extraction in the liquid−liquid equilibrium of the nicotine/water/toluene system 20 and that, in comparison to other common solvents, toluene has the lowest water solubility. 24 Using the reported solubility of water in toluene of 3.3 × 10 −3 mole fraction, 19 we calculated that less than 0.1% by volume of water can be dissolved in the toluene extract, resulting in a similarly negligible bias error in the determination of NicH + . A high percent total Nic recovery of 92.1% (% Nic E1 = ((Nic E1 )/(Nic total )) = 92.1%) was obtained when the extraction method was tested on standard solutions of known concentrations as shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Free-Base and Protonated Nicotine in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

El‐Hellani

El-Hage

Baalbaki

et al. 2015

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

103

116

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Introduction Reliable characterization of the nicotine content and emissions from electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) is crucial for product regulation. Understanding nicotine delivery, and therefore efficacy and abuse potential, from ECIG products requires quantifying the total nicotine contained or emitted, as well as the partitioning between its free-base and protonated forms. To date, studies reporting nicotine content and emissions of ECIGs have not addressed whether the reported values correspond to the total nicotine or only one of its forms, making the reported results difficult to compare across studies, or to correlate against blood exposure measurements. In this study we investigate whether nicotine in ECIGs is indeed present in more than one form, whether measurements are affected by sampling media, and report a validated method for determining total, free-base (Nic) and protonated nicotine (NicH+) in ECIG liquids and aerosol emissions. Methods We developed an analytical method based on liquid-liquid extraction coupled with GC analysis to assess the respective amounts of Nic and NicH+. The method was first verified on pH-controlled solutions (5 < pH < 10) and then was applied to several ECIG liquids and aerosols generated using a smoking machine. Results The method showed high repeatability and efficiency, and the results were in agreement with theoretical predictions based on measured pH of the standard nicotine solutions. ECIG liquids and aerosols contained both Nic and NicH+, and their relative proportions varied widely. Free-base nicotine was found to account for 18-95% of the total nicotine depending on the product in question. Conclusions The wide variation in nicotine partitioning across products suggests that studies of nicotine delivery from ECIGs should account for this factor. A convenient method for analyzing nicotine fractions in electronic cigarettes has been demonstrated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Base and Protonated Nicotine in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

El‐Hellani

El-Hage

Baalbaki

et al. 2015

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

103

116

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“…Wettability alteration toward a more water-wet surface is generally accepted as the cause for increased recovery. History matching of experimental results, and modeling of field potential, is therefore performed by changing flow functions (Masalmeh et al 2014). There is, however, also a consensus that the underlying recovery mechanisms are still not fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmosis as Mechanism for Low-Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery

et al. 2016

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We believe that osmosis has been overlooked as a possible mechanism for observed low-salinity enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) effects. Osmosis can occur in an oil/water/rock system when injecting low-salinity water, because the system is full of an excellent semipermeable membrane-the oil itself.In the present work, water transport through oil films was visualized both in 2D micromodels and in sandstone cores imaged in a microcomputed tomography (CT). After treating these model systems with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) to render them more oil-wet, water became discontinuous, and it was possible to establish osmotic gradients. Either expansion or contraction of the connate water was observed, depending on the direction of the imposed salinity gradient.Because osmosis could be the underlying mechanism for lowsalinity EOR, two changes in research strategy are proposed: Most importantly, the use of spontaneous-imbibition tests as evidence for wettability alteration in low-salinity water should be critically reinvestigated. This is because observed production could have stemmed from "osmotic expansion" of the connate water rather than wettability change. Second, much research focus should be shifted from sandstone reservoirs to fractured oil-wet carbonates. Osmosis potentially yields larger responses for the latter reservoir type, whereas from a mechanistic perspective the reason behind low-salinity EOR functioning in both sandstones and carbonates deserves further attention.

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“…Solubility of water in cyclohexane. ●, this work; ○, Tsonopoulos and Wilson; ◊, Marche et al; ×, Plenkina et al; ----, model …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Design of Equilibrium Cells for Phase Equilibria and PVT Measurements in Large Ranges of Temperatures and Pressures. I. Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Equilibria

et al. 2016

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Acquiring accurate experimental thermodynamic data is very useful for the development of models and chemical processes. Although there are plenty of data in the scientific literature, there are still many missing. In fact, many of the easier measurements have been made, and far more of the remaining ones deal with either complex systems or extreme conditions. Clearly new adequate equipment for acquiring such data are welcome. For these purposes, advice coming from several decades of equipment design experience are exposed herein. After defining the aim pursued and consequently the type of desired thermodynamic quantity, it is necessary to take into account all physical and chemical constraints: viscosity, density, corrosive power of studied chemical systems, temperature, pressure together with other important points such as miniaturization, efficient stirring, avoiding both dead volume and polymer sealing. The other aim of this paper is to present a high temperature and high pressure apparatus capable of measuring the phase equilibria of systems exhibiting vapor–liquid–liquid behavior. The apparatus designed and built consists mainly of an equilibrium cell (70 cm3), novel high temperature, and high pressure samplers and a gas chromatograph. A detailed description of the apparatus is presented. Preliminary measurements are presented for propane in water, cyclohexane in water, and water in cyclohexane up to 498.8 K. In addition the solubility of 2-methylfuran in water up to 413 K and 1548 kPa was measured.

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Apparatus for the Determination of Water Solubility in Hydrocarbon: Toluene and Alkylcyclohexanes (C₆ to C₈) from 30 °C to 180 °C

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Free-Base and Protonated Nicotine in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Free-Base and Protonated Nicotine in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Osmosis as Mechanism for Low-Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery

Design of Equilibrium Cells for Phase Equilibria and PVT Measurements in Large Ranges of Temperatures and Pressures. I. Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Equilibria

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Apparatus for the Determination of Water Solubility in Hydrocarbon: Toluene and Alkylcyclohexanes (C6 to C8) from 30 °C to 180 °C

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Free-Base and Protonated Nicotine in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Free-Base and Protonated Nicotine in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols

Osmosis as Mechanism for Low-Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery

Design of Equilibrium Cells for Phase Equilibria and PVT Measurements in Large Ranges of Temperatures and Pressures. I. Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Equilibria

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Product

Resources

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Apparatus for the Determination of Water Solubility in Hydrocarbon: Toluene and Alkylcyclohexanes (C₆ to C₈) from 30 °C to 180 °C