Apparent superluminal core expansion and limb brightening in the candidate neutrino blazar TXS 0506+056

Abstract

Context. IceCube has reported a very-high-energy neutrino (IceCube-170922A) in a region containing the blazar TXS 0506+056. Correlated gamma-ray activity has led to the first high-probability association of a high-energy neutrino with an extragalactic source. This blazar has been found to be in a radio outburst during the neutrino event.Aims. Our goal is to probe the sub-milliarcsecond properties of the radio jet right after the neutrino detection and during the further evolution of the radio outburst. Methods. We performed target of opportunity observations at 43 GHz frequency using very long baseline interferometry imaging, corresponding to 7 mm in wavelength, with the Very Long Baseline Array two and eight months after the neutrino event.Results. We produced two images of the radio jet of TXS 0506+056 at 43 GHz with angular resolutions of (0.2 × 1.1) mas and (0.2 × 0.5) mas, respectively. The source shows a compact, high brightness temperature core, albeit not approaching the equipartition limit and a bright and originally very collimated inner jet. Beyond approximately 0.5 mas from the millimeter-VLBI core, the jet loses this tight collimation and expands rapidly. During the months after the neutrino event associated with this source, the overall flux density is rising. This flux density increase happens solely within the core. Notably, the core expands in size with apparent superluminal velocity during these six months so that the brightness temperature drops by a factor of three despite the strong flux density increase. Conclusions. The radio jet of TXS 0506+056 shows strong signs of deceleration and/or a spine-sheath structure within the inner 1 mas, corresponding to about 70 pc to 140 pc in deprojected distance, from the millimeter-VLBI core. This structure is consistent with theoretical models that attribute the neutrino and gamma-ray production in TXS 0506+056 to interactions of electrons and protons in the highly relativistic jet spine with external photons originating from a slower moving jet region. Proton loading due to jet-star interactions in the inner host galaxy is suggested as the possible cause of deceleration.

High-Energy Alerts in the Multi-Messenger Era

“…In fact, this work shows numerical evidence that TXS 0506+056 is able to accelerate CRs up to energies of ∼10 18 eV. The assumptions on the geometrical structure of the TXS 0506+056 jets, which were made to explain the neutrino emission, were confirmed with 15 GHz very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) imaging [82].…”

Compact Bright Radio-loud AGNs. III. A Large VLBA Survey at 43 GHz

“…Blazars are among the most powerful objects in the Universe. Images from high-frequency high-resolution VLBI surveys of blazars are essential to test jet models (e.g., Marscher 1995), and to investigate the innermost region of compact jets where the acceleration and collimation of the relativistic plasma flow takes place (Kellermann & Pauliny-Toth 1969;Gallimore et al 2004;Lister et al 2016) and where the high-energy neutrinos and γ-rays are produced (Ros et al 2020).…”

A ring accelerator? Unusual jet dynamics in the IceCube candidate PKS 1502+106

“…According to them, the polarisation distribution in the spine strongly supports shockedjet models, while that in the boundary layer suggests interaction with the surrounding medium. Further evidence for spine-sheath jet structures based on polarisation information has been presented in other sources as well, e.g., (Pushkarev et al 2005;Ros et al 2020). While both sources reveal a two-component jet and different magnetic field orientations, 1055+018 shows a cylindrical form and PKS 1502+106 a jet plus ring.…”