Apple-Derived Nanoparticles Modulate Expression of Organic-Anion-Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 in Caco-2 Cells

Abstract

Interaction of foods with intestinal transporters has generally been ascribed to small molecules, but recently, edible-plant-derived nanoparticles (NPs) have been suggested to affect intestinal function. Here, we examined the effects of NPs contained in edible fruits on intestinal transporters. Apple-derived NPs (APNPs) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by measurement of particle size distribution and electron microscopy. Human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells internalized fluorescently labeled APNPs, suggesting that fruit-derived NPs would be internalized into intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. We found that the mRNA expression levels of several transporters, including organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1, were changed in APNP-treated Caco-2 cells. The protein expression and activity of OATP2B1 were also decreased by APNP exposure, as determined by Western blotting and measurements of [ 3 H]estrone-3-sulfate uptake by Caco-2 cells, respectively. These actions required intact APNPs, because sonication or boiling abrogated the effects. Since the content of apple-derived small molecules in APNPs was negligible, the observed decrease of OATP2B1 expression appears to be mediated by large molecules in the APNPs. We further found that the 3′-untranslated region of the OATP2B1 gene was required for the response to APNPs, suggesting that microRNA in the APNPs might be involved. These results propose a novel mechanism, in which large molecules such as microRNA in food could affect intestinal transporters through food-derived NPs, which also demonstrates that food-derived NPs should be useful for delivery of biologically active large molecules to intestinal tissues.

Protective Role of Shiitake Mushroom-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles in D-Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice

“…Sizes of ELNs from seven edible mushrooms ranged from 100 nm to 140 nm in diameters ( Figure 1A). Their sizes were comparable to those of dietary ELNs extracted from edible plants [21,33,45]. Mushroom-derived ELNs contained RNAs, proteins, and lipids ( Figure 1D-F) and, therefore, were similar in composition to other dietary ELNs [20,21,30].…”

“…Recently, dietary ELNs have been extracted from fruits (such as grapes [21], grapefruit [17,19], apples [33], and coconut water [45]); vegetables (such as carrots [21] and broccoli [31]); and spices (such as ginger [19,20,30] and turmeric [20]). However, it was not known whether edible mushrooms contained any ELNs.…”

“…Dietary ELNs have been extracted from many edible plants, including fruits, vegetables, and spices [19,21,30,31,33]. To determine whether any edible mushrooms contained ELNs, seven commonly consumed mushrooms-white button, Swiss brown, king oyster, shiitake, white beech, brown beech, and oyster-were subjected to ELN extraction procedures established in our laboratory [20].…”

An efficient method to isolate lemon derived extracellular vesicles for gastric cancer therapy

“…The next question that should be answered was whether the LDEVs isolated by ELD have biological activites. It is important to maintain the integrity of EVs as disrupted EVs may abrogate their biological activities [16]. Even though the TEM image showed the intact structure ( Fig.…”

“…Pin et al divided the approaches for the isolation of EVs into five groups [9]: ultracentrifugation (UC)based [10], precipitation-based [11], immunoaffinity capture-based [12], microfluidics-based [13] and sizebased techniques [14]. Ultracentrifugation based method is almost the only way for the preparation of PDEVs [5,6,8,[15][16][17][18]. However, specialized equipment and much time are needed in ultracentrifugation, which limited the applications of UC.…”