Applicability of cloud point extraction for the separation trace amount of lead ion in environmental and biological samples prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

A sensitive cloud point extraction procedure(CPE) for the preconcentration of trace lead prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has been developed. The CPE method is based on the complex of Pb(II) ion with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), and then entrapped in the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114. The main factors affecting CPE efficiency, such as pH of sample solution, concentration of PAN and Triton X-114, equilibration temperature and time, were investigated in detail. A preconcentration factor of 30 was obtained for the preconcentration of Pb(II) ion with 15.0 mL solution. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 7.5 ng mL À1 -3.5 lg mL À1 of lead with R 2 = 0.9998 (n = 10). Detection limit based on three times the standard deviation of the blank (3S b ) was 5.27 ng mL À1 . Eight replicate determinations of 1.0 lg mL À1 lead gave a mean absorbance of 0.275 with a relative standard deviation of 1.6%. The high efficiency of cloud point extraction to carry out the determination of analytes in complex matrices was demonstrated.

Pre-Concentration Based on Cloud Point Extraction for Ultra-Trace Monitoring of Lead (II) Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

“…The relative standard deviation (RSD) obtained was 1.9% for seven samples of 10 ng/mL Pb(II). A comparison between the proposed method and others reported in literature based on the cloud point extraction of lead are summarized in Table 3 [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. The table presents a good enrichment factor, high sensitivity, and good linearity range of this presented method.…”

“…Comparison between the presented method and others reported in literature based on the cloud point extraction of lead are summarized in Table 3. It is interesting to note that a comparison of the proposed method along with those reported before (Table 3) clearly indicated good enhancement in the behavior of the proposed method in terms of the detection limit [31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][40], linear range [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]40], enrichment factor [31][32][33][34][35]37,40], and the relative standard deviation (RSD) [23,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

A Green and Efficient Method for the Preconcentration and Determination of Gallic Acid, Bergenin, Quercitrin, and Embelin from Ardisia japonica Using Nononic Surfactant Genapol X-080 as the Extraction Solvent

“…Many analytical methods for the extraction of bioactive compounds are employed in sample preparation [ 8 , 9 ], but it is very challenging to determine trace bioactive compounds at low concentrations in the matrixes. It is therefore necessary to separate and concentrate the targeted analytes from the matrix sample to improve the detection sensitivity [ 10 ]. Many papers have reported enrichment methods including free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) [ 11 ], cloud point extraction (CPE) [ 12 ], ionic liquid/ionic liquid liquid-liquid microextraction [ 13 ], solid-phase extraction (SPE) [ 14 ], and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) [ 15 ].…”

Zirconium Nanoparticles Based Vortex Assisted Ligandless Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for Trace Determination of Lead in Domestic Wastewater using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

“…A variety of strategies for preconcentration of lead such as cloud point extraction (CPE) (Mohammadi et al 2016), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) (Mandlate et al 2017), hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction (LPME) (Salari et al 2018) and solid phase extraction (SPE) (Khan et al 2016) have been developed to overcome interference effects from sample matrices. SPE is one of the most significant preconcentration strategy among them because it provides high preconcentration factor, low extraction period and low cost.…”