Application of a Solid Bismuth Microelectrode in an Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Procedure of Trace Tin Quantification

Abstract

A novel solid bismuth microelectrode in combination with adsorptive stripping voltammetry is demonstrated as a simple and fast method for determination of tin. The proposed method includes the formation of a tin complex with cupferron in the solution and deposition on the solid bismuth microelectrode. The selection of the most optimal parameters determining the sensitivity of the elaborated procedure was made. Under optimized parameters (pH = 4.6; acetate buffer concentration: 0.1 mol l−1; cupferron concentration: 2 × 10−4 mol l−1; activation potential/time: −2.5 V/5 s; deposition potential/time: −0.6 V/40 s), a linear response of Sn(II) in the concentration range of 8 × 10−9 do 8 × 10−7 mol l−1 (r = 0.9984) was obtained with a detection limit of 2.1 × 10−9 mol l−1. The interferences of foreign ions and organic matrix of environmental water samples were carefully studied. The accuracy of the method was studied by analyzing certified reference materials SPS-WW1 Waste Water and SPS-SW1 Surface Water as well as Bystrzyca river and rain water, and passable results were obtained.

Stripping Voltammetry with Nanomaterials‐based Electrode in the Environmental Analysis of Trace Concentrations of Tin

“…In the case of determination of tin by voltammetric methods, the following complexing agents have been used: catechol, [32,33] 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, [36] chloranilic acid, [34] tropolone, [30,31] 2,2-hydroxyphenylbenzoxazole, [37] 8-hydroxyquinoline [35] and cupferron. [38] Cupferron is often used as a complexing agent in AdSV procedures as it forms stable complexes with many metals and allows accurate and yet reproducible voltammetric measurements of these elements. The use of cupferron as a complexing agent increases the sensitivity, selectivity and precision of electrochemical measurements of metal ions.…”

“…Cupferron is widely available commercially and relatively cheap compared to some other complexing agents. [38,[56][57][58][59][60] In this work, cupferron was chosen as the complexing agent for the determination of tin on the CNTs/SGC electrode modified with a lead film. The influence of the concentration of cupferron on the tin signal in the concentration range from 1×10 À 2 to 4.5×10 À 2 mol L À 1 was investigated.…”

“…Several voltammetric methods can be used for the determination of tin, such as anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) [29] and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV). [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] In the voltammetric methods, different working electrodes have been used during the experiments performed. The most common working electrodes have been hanging drop mercury electrode, [18][19][20][30][31][32][34][35][36][37] glassy carbon mercury film electrode (GCMFE), [33] carbon paste electrode (CPE), [21] bismuth film electrode (BiFE), [22][23][24][25][26] solid bismuth microelectrode (BiFμE), [38] bismuth/poly (bromophenol blue) modified glassy carbon electrode (Bi/poly(BPB)GCE) [27] and chemically modified electrode (CME).…”

“…[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] In the voltammetric methods, different working electrodes have been used during the experiments performed. The most common working electrodes have been hanging drop mercury electrode, [18][19][20][30][31][32][34][35][36][37] glassy carbon mercury film electrode (GCMFE), [33] carbon paste electrode (CPE), [21] bismuth film electrode (BiFE), [22][23][24][25][26] solid bismuth microelectrode (BiFμE), [38] bismuth/poly (bromophenol blue) modified glassy carbon electrode (Bi/poly(BPB)GCE) [27] and chemically modified electrode (CME). [29] Table 1 shows comparison of voltammetric procedures for the analysis of tin ions.…”

“…Voltammetry is an electrochemical technique that measures the change in current as a function of the change in electrode potential. Several voltammetric methods can be used for the determination of tin, such as anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), [18–28] cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) [29] and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) [30–38] . In the voltammetric methods, different working electrodes have been used during the experiments performed.…”