Application of Long-Range Surface Plasmon Resonance for ABO Blood Typing

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate a long-range surface plasmon resonance (LR-SPR) biosensor for the detection of whole cell by captured antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) as a model. The LR-SPR sensor chip consists of high-refractive index glass, a Cytop film layer, and a thin gold (Au) film, which makes the evanescent field intensity and the penetration depth longer than conventional SPR. Therefore, the LR-SPR biosensor has improved capability for detecting large analytes, such as RBCs. The antibodies specific to blood group A and group B (Anti-A and Anti-B) are covalently immobilized on a grafting self-assembled monolayer (SAM)/Au surface on the biosensor. For blood typing, RBC samples can be detected by the LR-SPR biosensor through a change in the refractive index. We determined that the results of blood typing using the LR-SPR biosensor are consistent with the results obtained from the agglutination test. We obtained the lowest detection limits of 1.58 × 105 cells/ml for RBC-A and 3.83 × 105 cells/ml for RBC-B, indicating that the LR-SPR chip has a higher sensitivity than conventional SPR biosensors (3.3 × 108 cells/ml). The surface of the biosensor can be efficiently regenerated using 20 mM NaOH. In summary, as the LR-SPR technique is sensitive and has a simple experimental setup, it can easily be applied for ABO blood group typing.

Blood Group Testing

“…The D-antigen was validated as an example for quantitative blood grouping (79). Using the long-range SPR biosensor in a long-range SPR blood group typing, the results were in full accordance with those of the agglutination test (70). In a word, this method has high accuracy and sensitivity and requires a small sample quantity and little time.…”

“…Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a sensitive technique and is a label-free method for tracking molecular interactions in real-time (69). In some applications, the sensitivity and versatility of the label-free, real-time technique outperform traditional methods like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or fluorescence (70). Generally, RBC antigen-specific IgM or IgG antibodies immobilized on the surface of SPR can be used to identify blood groups (71,72).…”

Fabrication of Miniature Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Chips by Using Confined Sessile Drop Technique

“…Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is a technique that has a powerful ability to detect and provide real-time information of probe molecules deposited on thin metal films. − It has become a popular optical biosensing phenomenon that is widely used in the fields of biochemistry, biology, and medical science. − Since the 1990s, when SPR was first used for studying biomolecules, ,, it has been extensively applied to investigate the association of proteins, antigen–antibody interactions, ,− DNA–drug bindings, and carbohydrate–RNA interactions . Furthermore, the SPR technology has been recently adapted to a plottable SPR platform in which a smartphone is coupled with special custom-design optics.…”

Surface plasmon resonance imaging as a screening platform in biopharmaceutical development

“…(60) The glycoprofiling can be performed more rapidly and label-free using the specific binding characteristics of the Nglycans to for example lectins and monitoring them with imaging SPR. (61)(62)(63)(64) These publications focus on small glycan structures rather than the higher-order structures of Nglycans found on glycoproteins or use a single lectin interaction to study glycan interactions.…”

“…LRSPR has been successfully applied in cell sensing experiments, for example by cell stimulation under influence of lipopolysaccharides (53) or cellular responses to osmotic stress. (41) Furthermore, applications for blood group typing (61,62) , leukemia biomarker detection in serum (63) or diagnosis of dengue infection by virus sensing in blood (64) have recently been described based on LRSPR. The principle of long-range SPR is to increase the propagation of surface plasmons further down the sensing solution, thereby increasing the sensitivity and evanescent field for measurements.…”