Application of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana

Machdar, E.; Steen, Peter; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Lens, Piet N.L.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.048

Cited by 135 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In case of Rotavirus, the levels of risk are lower compared with the WHO reference. The results of this study are in line with Machdar (2010) who calculated that the risk of Rotavirus infection was lower compared to those of E. coli and Campylobacter for drinking water in Nima, Ghana.…”

Section: Findings Of Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Based on the assumption by several reports that 95 % of fecal coliforms were E. coli and 8 % of E. coli were pathogenic (Haas et al 1999;Howard et al 2006). In this study, the ratio used for E. coli: Pathogenic E. coli was 1: 08 (Haas et al 1999;Howard et al 2006); for E. coli: Campylobacter was 1: 066 (Smeets 2008;Machdar et al 2013); and for E. coli: Rotavirus it was 1: 10 −5 (Mara et al 2007;Machdar et al 2013). The dose-response parameter used in this study was Beta Poisson model as described by Haas et al (1999).…”

Section: Selection Of Reference Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The disease burden related to gastroenteritis was calculated for each pathogen from the previous studies (Havelaar and Melse 2003;Howard et al 2006;Machdar et al 2013). The average life expectancy for India is 65 years (WHO 2013) which was used in the calculations.…”

Section: Calculation Of Dalysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to Estimate the Health Risk in Urban Drinking Water Systems of Mysore, Karnataka, India

George

Joshi

et al. 2015

Water Qual Expo Health

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Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a valuable tool for estimating the burden of disease due to exposure of a particular microbial pathogen. In this study, we used the quantitative risk assessment method to calculate the burden of disease with special reference to gastroenteritis from three reference pathogens-Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Rotavirus in the drinking water treatment systems of Mysore Urban city, Karnataka, India. A total of 140 samples were analyzed over a period of 24 months in different seasons using standard methods. The risk burden was estimated by guidelines for drinking water quality (WHO in Campylobacter, factsheet no. 255, 2011a; Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2011b) method. The results show that the Mysore Urban population connected to the current drinking water treatment plant seems to be vulnerable to waterborne gastroenteritis diseases since the results indicate less effectiveness on pathogen removal in treatment system. The result reveals that the pathogenic E. coli disease burden from Melapura plant shows a slower level (6.74E−07) than the WHO reference (10E−06) level. The risk estimates for Campylobacter show that they slightly exceed by (2.54E−06) over the WHO guidelines. The final disease burdens (db) of Rotavirus were lower for the both The present QMRA study is believed to be the first attempt and to be useful for the local authorities and stakeholders to evaluate the likely risk of infection and to ensure the better management of water supplies in India.

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Section: Findings Of Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Selection Of Reference Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to Estimate the Health Risk in Urban Drinking Water Systems of Mysore, Karnataka, India

George

Joshi

et al. 2015

Water Qual Expo Health

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“…The poor are particularly disadvantaged in terms of public service delivery and often rely instead on groundwater from communal wells or through self-supply, a solution seen particularly in peri-urban Accra (Grönwall 2016;Machdar et al 2013). Being a coastal city, seawater intrusion restricts the use of groundwater in large parts of Ghana's capital.…”

Section: Past and Present Dependence On Groundwater In Dodowa And Accramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three out of four of those surveyed considered water from their main source fit to drink: 80% did not treat their water-a practice that may pose a significant health risk especially if water is taken from shallow, dug wells that are generally prone to wastewater contamination (Machdar et al 2013;Lapworth et al 2017). Approximately half of those who had adopted a 'treatment' method said they let the water stand and settle.…”

Section: … To Increasing Dependence On Packaged Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater as a strategic resource for improved resilience: a case study from peri-urban Accra

Grönwall

Oduro–Kwarteng

2017

Environ Earth Sci

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Water insecurity is a growing concern globally, especially for developing countries, where a range of factors including urbanization are putting pressure on water provisioning systems. The role of groundwater and aquifers in buffering the effects of climate variability is increasingly acknowledged, but it can only be fully realized with a more robust understanding of groundwater as a resource, and how use of it and dependency on it differ. Accra and its hinterland exemplify an African city with chronic water shortages, where groundwater resources offer opportunities to improve resilience against recurring droughts and general water insecurity. Based on a mixed-methods study of a peri-urban township, it was found that for end users, particularly poor urban households, resilience is an every-day matter of ensuring access from different sources, for different purposes, while attention to drinking water safety is falling behind. Planners and decision makers should take their cue from how households have developed coping mechanisms by diversifying, and move away from the focus on large infrastructure and centralized water supply solutions. Conjunctive use, managed aquifer recharge, and suitable treatment measures are vital to make groundwater a strategic resource on the urban agenda.

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Isotopic source identification of nitrogen pollution in the Pi River in Chengdu

Ding

Shi²,

Ouyang³

et al. 2022

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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This study used stable isotope (δ 15 N-NO 3 − and δ 18 O-NO 3 − ) ratios, modeled by means of a Bayesian stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) approach, to identify nitrate sources in the Pi River, which flows through the megacity Chengdu. The goal was to determine where management resources should be applied to reduce nitrogen pollution. Results revealed that NO 3 − was the primary nitrogen species throughout the study area; that it originated in manure and sewage, as well as nitrification of fertilizer and soil nitrogen; and that the nitrogen in the main stream came primarily from the tributaries. Notably, the nitrogen concentration in the tributaries exhibited no evident seasonal variations, further demonstrating that its source was intensive anthropogenic activity. Results of Bayesian model (SIAR) estimation indicated that manure and sewage were the dominant nitrate contributors in the watershed and that the nitrate concentration decreased from 54.19% to 39.57% in response to water treatment. These results empirically demonstrate that the methodology described in this work can be used effectively in catchments affected by intensive anthropogenic activity to determine where management resources should be applied to reduce nitrogen pollution.

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Application of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana

Cited by 135 publications

References 14 publications

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to Estimate the Health Risk in Urban Drinking Water Systems of Mysore, Karnataka, India

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to Estimate the Health Risk in Urban Drinking Water Systems of Mysore, Karnataka, India

Groundwater as a strategic resource for improved resilience: a case study from peri-urban Accra

Isotopic source identification of nitrogen pollution in the Pi River in Chengdu

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