Application of the PRECEDE -PROCEED model in prevention of brucellosis focused on livestock vaccination process

Abstract

Background This article reports the steps of an educational intervention, which is designed to change livestock breeders’ preventive behavior in terms of vaccinating their livestock against brucellosis. The study has been conducted in a rural area in a country with the second highest brucellosis prevalence in the world. Methods In a quasi-experimental study and applying PRECEDE-PROCEED model, 45 livestock breeders were trained through basket method, accompanied with constructive feedback from researchers and peers and a brief interactive lecture at the end. The livestock breeders’ awareness, attitude and practice level in the intervention group was compared with those of other 45 livestock breeders in a control group, 1 and 6 months after the intervention. According to the results of the Rose Bengal tests (RBTs), as a rapid and simple screening test, the presence or absence of Brucella antibodies in the animals’ serum was investigated. Results Immediately and 1 month after the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, awareness and practice of livestock breeders in the intervention group were significantly higher. Six months after the intervention, the results of the RBTs were positive in more livestock in the intervention group compared to the animals in the control group. The positive result of RBT after educational intervention, in livestock whose test results were negative immediately before intervention, accompanying the results of observation indicating a good general condition of livestock was considered as a probable evidence of the success of the educational intervention. Conclusion The model-driven educational intervention could significantly increase livestock breeders’ awareness, attitude and practice regarding prevention of brucellosis and vaccination of their livestock against brucellosis; however, a period of non-continuous reinforcement and gradual reduction of the number of the reinforcements by health educator workers is recommended in order to increase the maintenance of the learnt behavior. Trial registration Conducting this study was registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20180304038945N1). Registered 24 December 2018. The proposal was registered before enrollment of the first participant.

An educational intervention based on family-centered empowerment model to modify high-risk behaviors of brucellosis via mother education

“…Some studies recently investigated the effect of theory-based educational intervention in the adoption of appropriate behaviors and modification of high risky behaviors to prevent brucellosis in humans and livestock 8 , 15 , 18 , 26 . They mainly planned the educational interventions based on participants’ experience and knowledge or used other models to behavior change, such as PRECEDE-PROCEED 18 , 23 , 26 and Health Belief Model (HBM) 13 , 17 . Most of these studies highlighted educational theories or models are effective frameworks that can guide providers to truly evaluate the risk of infection and identify preventive methods that can reduce and control the prevalence of the disease 13 , 18 , 23 , 26 .…”

“…Therefore, prevention of human infection is primarily based on increasing occupational hygiene, food-safety measures, and safety knowledge 11 , 12 . Education training program about avoiding high-risk behaviors toward brucellosis (e.g., avoiding consuming contaminated meat and unpasteurized dairy products) and prevention strategies is important component to manage and control brucellosis 1 , 15 , 17 , 18 . Likewise, taking care of a patient with brucellosis is associated with several complications.…”

“…Likewise, taking care of a patient with brucellosis is associated with several complications. Learning about brucellosis symptoms, transmission, and its adverse health effects as well as knowing about prevention strategies and treatment methods during treatment may cause many challenges for caregivers, among which is care burden 9 , 12 , 18 .…”

“…Although the data from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education the status of brucellosis in Iran is improving 2 , 12 , most parts of Iran are still endemic for brucellosis 17 , 18 , 23 . According to the epidemiologic data on trends of human brucellosis between 1991 and 2008, the yearly occurrence was around 43.24 patients per 100,000 populations 2 , 24 .…”

“…Although in Iran, livestock vaccination is provided free, the rate of livestock vaccination is low because of breeders’ insufficient awareness about brucellosis’s high-risk behaviors, consequences of untreated infection, transmission pathways, and prevention methods lead 24 . However, other factors, such as low individual knowledge about prevention methods, concerns about vaccine viability, inappropriate vaccination time and vaccine storage conditions, and inappropriate quarantine conditions mainly affect breeders’ preventive behaviors toward brucellosis 18 , 24 . To address this gap in the evidence base, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on the family-centered empowerment model on modifying the high-risk behaviors of brucellosis through mother education.…”