Applications of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salt that exist in the liquid phase at and around 298 K and are comprised of a bulky, asymmetric organic cation and the anion usually inorganic ion but some ILs also with organic anion. ILs have attracted much attention as a replacement for traditional organic solvents as they possess many attractive properties. Among these properties, intrinsic ion conductivity, low volatility, high chemical and thermal stability, low combustibility, and wide electrochemical windows are few. Due to negligible or nonzero volatility of these solvents, they are considered “greener” for the environment as they do not evaporate like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). ILs have been widely used in electrodeposition, electrosynthesis, electrocatalysis, electrochemical capacitor, lubricants, plasticizers, solvent, lithium batteries, solvents to manufacture nanomaterials, extraction, gas absorption agents, and so forth. Besides a brief discussion of the introduction, history, and properties of ILs the major purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview on the advantages of ILs for the synthesis of conducting polymer and nanoparticle when compared to conventional media and also to focus on the electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on IL/composite modified macrodisk electrodes. Subsequently, recent developments and major strategies for enhancing sensing performance are discussed.

Applications of Ionic Liquids for the Development of Optical Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

“…[22][23][24][25][26] The electrochemical sensing materials prepared using ILs have been discussed in detail in the reviews. [22][23][24][25][26] The ability of some ILs to dissolve a broad range of substances gave rise to studying the possibilities of ILs in optical sensing technologies. ILs can dissolve inorganic gases (O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, H2S, etc.…”

“…ILs can dissolve inorganic gases (O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, H2S, etc. ), 24,27 silicon alkoxides (tetramethoxysilane, TMOS; tetraethoxysilane, TEOS; methyltrimethoxysilane, MTMOS), 28 mono-and polysaccharides (carbohydrates, starch, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, guar gum, and xanthan gum), 10,[29][30][31][32] natural organic materials (silk 17 and wood 29,33,34 ), some synthetic polymers, 35,36 enzymes, [37][38][39] etc. The listed substances can serve either as matrix materials (natural and synthetic polymers) or recognition elements (dyes, complexes, and biocatalysts), and target compounds (gases) for optical sensing platforms.…”

Triethanolammonium salicylate — Protic alkanolammonium ionic liquid

“…[1][2][3] Ionic liquids have attracted much attention in various fields of science and technology (electrochemistry, catalysis and organic synthesis, electrochemical sensors, and other areas) due to their unique properties as suitable solvents for a broad scope of inorganic, organic and polymeric materials. Their features such as high polarity, chemical and thermal stability, as well as a wide interval of liquid state, [1][2][3][4][5][6] draw interest to them of the large scope of chemist. Also, in recent years, ILs have attracted attention due to the possibility of the design of a new compounds with unique properties, e.g., pharmacologically active ionic liquids by combining cations and anions with desired properties [7][8][9].…”

“…A number of studies have shown [14][15][16][17][18] that many protatranes have biological activity, which is mainly determined by the atrane structure of the cation and the nature of an anion. The first compound of this class was triethanolammonium salt of 2-methylphenyloxyacetic acid [2-CH 3 C 6 H 4 OCH 2 COO] -[NH(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 3 ] + (trecrezan), which is a drug of wide spectrum of action (adaptogen, immunomodulator, etc.) [17,18].…”

Decontamination of toxic chemical warfare sulfur mustard and nerve agent simulants by NiO NPs/Ag-clinoptilolite zeolite composite adsorbent

“…The threats of mass destructive weapons always have been posed renewed concerns to global community [1,2]. At present, neutralization and decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is proposed for nonproliferation plans due to their nocuous consequences manifested in case of military activities, large worldwide stock of ammunition and definitely on the aspect of terrorist attack [3,4].…”