Applications of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in the determination of residues of certain herbicides at trace levels in environmental samples

Abstract

A new analytical procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been developed for the determination of residues of eight selected herbicides: trifluralin, butachlor, pretilachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, and fluroxypyr-meptyl, in ground water samples. Carbowax divinylbenzene was used for SPME of the herbicides. Quantification was done at equilibrium. Various parameters, such as, effect of pH, ionic strength, humic acid content and exposure time of fiber, were investigated to find the extraction efficiency. The linearity was determined. The method was found suitable for the determination of residues of herbicides at concentration levels from 5 to 20 ng L-1. The relative standard deviation of the detection limits were calculated. The humic acid content was found to interfere more significantly in the determination of residues. An ionic chloride strength, in terms of sodium chloride, of up to 10% did not have any significant impact on the determination. Furthermore, there was an enhanced sensitivity of detection up to pH 3.0. The method was applied to the analysis of the residue contents of the pesticides under investigation in real ground water samples collected from susceptible places. The results when compared with the standard methods published in the literature showed no significant deviation in their quantification and the values were comparable.

RETRACTED: Lab-on-fruit skin and lab-on-leaf towards recognition of trifluralin using Ag-citrate/GQDs nanocomposite stabilized on the flexible substrate: A new platform for the electroanalysis of herbicides using direct writing of nano-inks and pen-on paper technology

“…There are various methods for detection of trifluralin, including; liquid chromatography [15], gas chromatography (GC) [16], HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) [17], UV spectrometry [18], solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [19], capillary electrophoresis [20] and electrochemical methods [21,22,23].…”

Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) Techniques for Quality Characterization of Food Products: A Review

“…The successful application of SPME to detect pollutants in trace levels in the environment like phenols in drinking water (Bartak and Cap 1997;Rodriguez et al 2000), herbicides (Ramesh and Ravi 2001), air contaminants as a result of painting and due to a jet fuel fire (Hook et al 2002), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are carcinogenic (King et al 2003), have been reported. From Table 6, it can be noticed that most environmental applications deal with the analysis of benzene, toleune, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds.…”

Rapid Multi-Residue Method for Simultaneous Determination of 1,3,5-Triazine Herbicides in Environmental Samples by Capillary GC-MS-EI Selective Ion Monitoring Method

“…Quantitative analysis of herbicides in soil using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry by Thijs Koelmans et al presents a study aimed at developing a sensitive and reliable method for the quantitative analysis of herbicides in soil using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [61]. The authors focused on five commonly used herbicides, namely atrazine, simazine, diuron, terbuthylazine, and metolachlor, as test analytes.…”