Applied Clay Mineralogy

Grim, Ralph E.

doi:10.1080/11035896209447314

Cited by 487 publications

(378 citation statements)

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“…[59]) that are available. Hence while these discrepancies remain unsolved, most authors assume that the modulus of montmorillonite is equal to that of muscovite mica, for which there is modulus data available [60,61,62], and which has a similar structure to that of montmorillonite [63].…”

Section: Modulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites

2006

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Hybrid materials have been formed using an epoxy polymeric matrix and a range of inorganic particles, including mica and organically-modified montmorillonites ('organoclays'), with various concentrations of the silicate modifier up to about 30wt.% depending upon the viscosity increase induced by the presence of the silicate. Wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering plus transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the morphologies produced, which included particulate, intercalated and ordered exfoliated. The modulus of these composites increased with the weight fraction of silicate.

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Section: Modulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites

2006

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“…1 The swelling properties of clay minerals are exploited in applications as adsorbent, ion exchanger, and molecular sieve catalyst. 2 The interlayer swelling of smectite minerals such as montmorillonite proceeds stepwise through the formation of one-, two-, and three-layer hydrates. The equilibrium water density of such a hydrated clay depends on the type of clay mineral, the type of interlayer counterion, the applied pressure and temperature, and the water vapor pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption isotherms of water in Li–, Na–, and K–montmorillonite by molecular simulation

Hensen

Tambach

Bliek

et al. 2001

The Journal of Chemical Physics

107

133

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A biased Monte Carlo method for the insertion of water in dense clay-water systems is presented. The use of this algorithm results in a considerable increase of the success rate of insertion attempts. It allows us to compute water adsorption isotherms up to high water densities, where the conventional Monte Carlo scheme fails. The isotherms were calculated by a combination of molecular dynamics and grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulation for Li-, Na-, and Kmontmorillonite at a fixed d(001) spacing of 12.0 Å. At low water pressure, the degree of clay hydration is governed by the type of counterion, Li-montmorillonite having the highest water content. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is absent. Li ϩ and Na ϩ are small enough to be organized in two layers close to the clay mineral surfaces, whereas K ϩ is mainly located in the midplane. In both cases, the water molecules primarily reside in the midplane of the interlayer. Increasing the water pressure leads to water adsorption at higher energy sites closer to the surface, i.e., coordinating to the structural OH groups in the hexagonal cavities. A hydrogen bond network is formed in the clay interlayer. This points to water condensation and leads to a sharp increase in the clay water content.

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“…Next, the economic evaluation of the obtained zeolite is discussed. The CEC of natural zeolite is said to be approximately less than 150 meq/100 g [15]. A comparison with the CEC value of natural zeolite shows that the quality of the obtained zeolite is better than that of natural zeolite.…”

Section: Results and Economic E6aluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

00/00754 Application of coal ash to environmental improvement: Transformation into zeolite, potassium fertilizer, and FGD absorbent

2000

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

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The rapid increase in population and economic growth have led to an increase in energy demand. Coal reserves are distributed worldwide, and coal is now known to be the most stable and available energy source. However, utilization of coal as an energy source involves the generation of a great amount of coal ash, and the recycling rate of the ash is rather low. Coal ash is mainly used in civil construction materials, and there is a limit to the demand for coal ash by construction industries: therefore, the increasing amount of coal ash will be a serious problem in the near future. Different applications should be considered. In this paper, three environmentally-friendly methods for coal ash recycling are described. Firstly, alkali treatment can transform coal ash to zeolite, which is used in deodorant and for wastewater treatment and soil improvement. Secondly, potassium silicate fertilizer is produced from coal ash and has a higher retentivity in the soil than that of conventional fertilizers. Thirdly, emission of sulfur dioxide is controlled by flue gas desulfurization using coal ash. It is considered that environmentally-friendly use of coal ash is important from the viewpoints of energy, economy, and environmental strategy in order to realize the concept of sustainable development.

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Applied Clay Mineralogy

Cited by 487 publications

References 0 publications

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites

Adsorption isotherms of water in Li–, Na–, and K–montmorillonite by molecular simulation

00/00754 Application of coal ash to environmental improvement: Transformation into zeolite, potassium fertilizer, and FGD absorbent

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