Applying chemometric procedures for correlation the FTIR spectroscopy with the new thermometric evaluation of Total Acid Number and Total Basic Number in engine oils

Macián, Vicente; Tormos, Bernardo; García-Barberá, Antonio; Tsolakis, Athanasios

doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.104215

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This is in agreement with the "warning limits" defined by several researchers [12,[37][38][39] and summarized by Booser [40]. However, it is important to mention there are no universally accepted warning limits as different investigators and operating conditions may suggest different limits for a given oil [37][38][39]41]. The evolution of TAN and TBN shown in Figure 4a suggests a greater tendency for oil to acidify (amount of thermal oxidation and contamination with combustion by-products) accompanied by a drop in alkaline reserves (compounds that neutralize acid products) on Motorcycle A.…”

Section: Tribological Testssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Tribological Testssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Figure 4 implies a greater tendency for oil to acidify (TAN) accompanied by a drop in alkaline reserves (TBN) for Motorcycle A. Still, all TAN and TBN values were within the "warning limits" defined by several researchers [12,[37][38][39]41]. It is important to mention that there are no universally accepted warning limits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Effect of an Aftermarket Additive in Powertrain Wear and Fuel Consumption of Small-Capacity Motorcycles: A Lab and Field Study

et al. 2022

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Metal conditioners (MC) are friction, wear, and heat-reducing agents between metal components in motion and are mainly used in engines and transmission boxes as aftermarket additives. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to assess the performance of a commercial MC. Laboratory tribotests revealed the MC’s potential to reduce wear and friction in lubricated steel contacts. Field studies were performed on two new motorcycles (160 cc) under urban driving conditions for 15,000 km. The physico-chemical properties of the used oils were similar and within the acceptable limits provided in the literature. The FTIR results showed that specific components in the MC formulation do not allow for a direct comparison between oils and their mixtures with MC. Regarding engine wear, MC provided overall aluminum and iron metal parts protection, mainly in the first 7000 km of engine break-in, but a higher wear of copper-containing parts, although at levels below the warning limits. Accurate measurements of engine components demonstrated there were changes of less than 0.05% in the cylinder, piston, and transmission system pieces, except for gear #5. The lubrication of the crown, pinion, transmission chain and gear #5 with the MC significantly increased their wear resistance. The motorcycle driven with MC maintained higher average fuel economy improvements (+1 km/L), representing a 2.5% gain compared to the other motorcycle. Although only two motorcycles were tested, the laboratory and field results suggested that mixing MC with the fully formulated oil (10W-30) reduces wear and friction during the break-in period.

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Section: Tribological Testssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Tribological Testssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Effect of an Aftermarket Additive in Powertrain Wear and Fuel Consumption of Small-Capacity Motorcycles: A Lab and Field Study

et al. 2022

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“…Gao et al (2018) reported an R 2 of 0.936 for the prediction of rock fragmentation in surface mines with an RMSE of 2.18. The predictive modeling of total acid and basic number in engine oils using Rotational Quadratic GPR has been reported by Macián et al (2021). The excellent performance of the model was proven with an R 2 of 0.983 and RMSE of 0.105.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Investigating the effect of TiO2-based nanofluids in the stability of crude oil flow: parametric analysis and Gaussian process regression modeling

Shnain

Mageed

Majdi³

et al. 2022

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Study has shown that the precipitation of asphaltenes could be the most detrimental mechanism that significantly influences well productivity during crude oil processing. The flow of the crude oil could seriously be affected if the effect of the asphaltenes is not inhibited. This study aims to investigate the effect of TiO2-based nanofluid in stabilizing crude oil flow. The effect of the ratio of TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite in the organic nanofluid, the salinity of the nanofluid, and pH on the amount of organic solvent (n-heptane) added to stabilize the crude oil flow was investigated using Gaussian Process Progression (GPR) with five kernel functions [exponential square kernel (model 1), rotational quadratic (model 2), Matern 5/2 (model 3), exponential (model 4), and non-isotopic rotational quadratic (model 5)]. The GPR using the various kernel function had good modeling of the relationship between the ratio of TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite in the organic nanofluid, the salinity of the nanofluid, the pH, and the amount of organic solvent (n-heptane) added to stabilize the crude oil flow. This is evidence from the R2 of 0.820, 0.999, 0.999, 0.999, 0.999 for model 1, model 2, model 3, model 4, and model 5, respectively. Each of the models had low prediction errors as indicated by the MSE, RMSE, and MAE. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the ratio of TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite in the organic nanofluid had the most significant influence on the amount of n-heptane added to stabilize the crude oil.

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“…For this reason, FTIR chemometric models have been proposed as an alternative to the standardized determination of TBN and TAN by potentiometric titration, which is time consuming and requires the preparation of reagents [37][38][39]. Another possibility for the determination of TBN and TAN is the thermometric determination according to ASTM D8045, therefore Macián et al [40] verified the possibility of an alternative determination of the thermometric determination of these parameters based on FTIR in combination with chemometrics. De Rivas et al [41] developed predictive models for the determination of TAN oils (SAE 50) used in aircraft turbine engines using IR data and PLS Regression, Projection Pursuit Regression (PPR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Linear Models (LM) and Random Forest (RF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of FTIR-ATR Spectrometry in Conjunction with Multivariate Regression Methods for Viscosity Prediction of Worn-Out Motor Oils

et al. 2021

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Viscosity is considered to be a key factor in the quality of lubrication by oil and engine manufacturers and is therefore one of the most monitored parameters of lubricants. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectrometry in combination with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) was therefore proposed and tested as an alternative to the standardized method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer (CSN EN ISO 3104) of worn-out motor oil grade SAE 15W-40. The FTIR-PLS model in the spectral region of 1750–650 cm−1 with modification of the spectra by the second derivative proved to be the most suitable. A significant dependence of R = 0.95 was achieved between the viscosity values of 190 samples of worn-out motor oils, which were determined by a standardized laboratory method, and the values predicted by the FTIR-PLS model. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) parameter reached 0.148 mm2s−1 and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) parameter reached 0.190 mm2s−1. The proposed method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C by the FTIR-PLS model is faster compared to the determination according to the CSN EN ISO 3104 standard, requires a smaller amount of oil sample for analysis and produces less waste chemicals.

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Applying chemometric procedures for correlation the FTIR spectroscopy with the new thermometric evaluation of Total Acid Number and Total Basic Number in engine oils

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of an Aftermarket Additive in Powertrain Wear and Fuel Consumption of Small-Capacity Motorcycles: A Lab and Field Study

Effect of an Aftermarket Additive in Powertrain Wear and Fuel Consumption of Small-Capacity Motorcycles: A Lab and Field Study

Investigating the effect of TiO2-based nanofluids in the stability of crude oil flow: parametric analysis and Gaussian process regression modeling

Application of FTIR-ATR Spectrometry in Conjunction with Multivariate Regression Methods for Viscosity Prediction of Worn-Out Motor Oils

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