Applying Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Viral Infections and Toxicological Considerations

Abstract

Background: Despite the tremendous progress in human medicine, viral infections can cause
 death in them. Due to the high prevalence of viruses, it is required to develop novel treatment
 strategies and provide the site-specific delivery of antiviral agents at the viral reservoirs.
 Objectives: Particle size is a vital physical characteristic that can affect the bioavailability and
 circulation time of nanoparticles. The ratio of large surface area and volume of nanoparticle
 could enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug compounds.
 Methods: Therefore, the optimum surface charge of the nanoparticle with the possibility of
 encapsulation and large drug cargo, are some of the nanoformulation advantages of these
 agents.
 Results: This study reviewed various nanocarriers and modern smart delivery technologies,
 such as liposomes and immunoliposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions,
 nanosuspensions, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so on.
 Conclusion: We aimed to overcome the problems of traditional formulations and resistance to
 currently available therapies in various infections. Moreover, the concerns about the potential
 toxicities of nanoparticles to humans have been raised; therefore, the present study has
 reviewed the toxicity effects of nanoparticles used in controlling viral infections.

The significance of bioengineered nanoplatforms against SARS-CoV-2: From detection to genome editing

“…large surface area, and tunable charge of the particle surface which facilitate particle penetration across the cell membrane, improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability of the entrapped drugs, targeted delivery, and reducing drug resistance can be suitable reservoirs for antiviral agents [ 145 ]. A variety of liposomal formulations, polymeric NPs, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, solid lipid NPs, and niosomes have been presented against the viral infections [ 146 ]. Furthermore, graphene oxide and silver nanocomposites has shown promising antiviral activities [ 147 ].…”

PLA-HA/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles loaded with curcumin: physicochemical characterization and toxicity evaluation in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells

“…Neoadjuvant and palliative chemotherapies [4], immunotherapy [5], and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) [6] therapy are additional CRC treatments. Currently, targeted drug delivery through nanoparticles has been an emerging approach for addressing various problems associated with chemotherapeutic agents [7][8][9].…”

Progress on Applying Carbon Dots for Inhibition of RNA Virus Infection

“…Moreover, nanotechnology platforms for diagnosis of RNA viruses consist of polymer NPs 15 , liposomes 16 , dendrimers 17 , nano-emulsions 18 , and nanosuspensions 19 . These nanomaterials have been applied to make considerable efforts to fight viral threats to some limited level but their water solubility, patient adherence, biostability, and bioavailability need to be further improved 20 .…”