Approach to identification and classification of the key, strategic and critical minerals important for the mineral security of Poland

Galos, Krzysztof; Lewicka, Ewa; Burkowicz, Anna; Guzik, Katarzyna; Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja; Kamyk, Jarosław; Szlugaj, Jarosław

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101900

Cited by 36 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Different countries have used various terms to define and identify minerals of economic importance, usually called critical or strategic raw materials (e.g., [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]). Distinctive lists of critical (or strategic) raw materials have also been created in individual countries, among which the United States pioneered the modern conceptualization of strategic minerals [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

2021

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Sufficient supplies of critical raw materials (CRMs) for rapidly developing technologies, e.g., Li-ion batteries, wind turbines, photovoltaics, digitization, etc., have become one of the main economic challenges for the EU. Due to growing import dependency and associated risk of supply disruptions of these raw materials from third countries, there is a need to encourage their domestic production. This is an important starting point for EU value chains crucial for the sustainable economic growth of the whole Union. This contribution has evaluated the possibilities of CRMs supply from the EU’s primary sources. A three-step approach, including an assessment of CRMs’ importance for the EU’s economic growth, their significance in at least two of the three strategic industrial sectors (i.e., renewable energy, e-mobility, defense and aerospace), and their potential availability from EU mineral deposits, has been applied. Results of the analysis have shown that, of 29 critical mineral raw materials (according to the 2020 EC list), the potential to develop manufacturing from the Union mineral deposits exists for 11 CRMs, i.e., cobalt, graphite (natural), HREE, LREE, lithium, magnesium, niobium, PGMs, silicon metal, titanium, and tungsten, while some other CRMs, namely gallium, germanium, indium, and vanadium can be recovered as by-products. Measures to mitigate EU import dependency have been also proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

2021

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“…In the global modern economy, metals used in high technology and advanced industry play an increasingly important role [1][2][3]. In the geological literature, they are referred to as critical, strategic, or pivotal metals [4]. Countries where these are in demand strive to gain access to the necessary amounts of high-quality resources ensuring their mineral security [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Minerals from Post-Processing Tailing. A Case Study from Bangka Island, Indonesia

2021

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The growing demand for critical raw materials (rare earth elements—REE, Nb, Ta, and others) enforces a need to look for their alternative sources. Distortions of the mineral supply chain caused by COVID-19 have necessitated a re-evaluation of what exists as mining waste from previous exploitation. Consequently, this study aims to provide an inventory of raw materials on the Indonesian Tin Islands (Bangka and Belitung). Geological and mineralogical examinations on Bangka have permitted an economic appraisal of tailings from the processing of cassiterite-bearing sands and confirmed the presence of REE-bearing minerals, chiefly monazite and xenotime, zircon, ilmenite, rutile, niobium-tantalum phases. In general, the mineral content of the tailings varies depending on the sampling site and the type of processing used during ore-production. ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometers) analyses revealed anomalous concentrations of LREE (light rare earth elements): La > 5%, Ce > 5%, Pr > 1%, Nd > 1%, Sm > 1% and HREE+Y (heavy rare earth elements and yttrium) up to 2.51 wt%. High values have been found for the “most critical” metals of the HREE group: Dy (up to 0.34 wt%), Tb (up to 0.08 wt%), Eu (up to 61.8 ppm), Nd (>1.0 wt%), and Y (up to 1.20 wt%). In addition, the following contents have been defined: Ga (to 0.03 wt%); Hf (to 0.64 wt%); Ta (to 0.08 wt%); Nb (to 0.23 wt%); W (to 0.14 wt%); Zr (>5.0 wt%); and Sc (to 0.01 wt%). Such high concentrations suggest the tailing dumps to be a potential new source of “critical raw materials”.

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“…Poland's economic performance-as a dynamically developing country-is also largely dependent on the availability of raw materials. For this reason, securing their supply from imports must be backed by a committed foreign policy, including an economic one, as well as a sustainable policy of obtaining mineral raw materials from domestic sources, both from mineral deposits and secondary and waste sources [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the assumptions, criteria, and methodology of their designation adopted by the authors, the lists of such minerals, referred to as, e.g., critical, strategic, key, and pivotal, may differ significantly. Such assessments, especially in the last decade, have been conducted with the focus on various aspects, e.g., with regard to specific minerals or products, technologies, specific needs, and objectives (e.g., for military security and defense, for energy security, for "clean" energy), as well as to countries (especially highly industrialized, commonly dependent on imports of minerals), regions, organizations, and even the whole world [12,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. No standard holistic methodology for selecting critical minerals has been developed so far, although the proposed solutions have many common elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Poland, for several years intensive work related to the methodology of identification of key, strategic, and critical minerals for the Polish economy has been carried out (e.g., [12,[43][44][45]). This is a result of the ongoing work on the development of the national mineral policy [46] as well as intensive work at the EU level to implement the EU mineral policy, including an update of the list of critical minerals for the EU every 3 years [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Safeguarding of Key Minerals Deposits as a Basis of Sustainable Development of Polish Economy

2021

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Secure and sustainable supply of minerals is important for the stable development of a country’s economy, as well as the global economy. Poland’s economic performance—as a dynamically developing country—is also largely dependent on the availability of minerals and security of their supplies both from internal sources and form imports. In Poland, 42 key minerals—i.e., those of fundamental importance for the proper functioning of the economy and satisfying the living needs of the society—have been recently indicated. From among them, 19 key minerals have been recognized by authors as having a proven resource base in Poland and—on the other hand—having moderately- or strongly growing domestic consumption trends. An assessment of the mineral resource base for their production, a sufficiency of the resources of developed deposits, as well as possible means of undeveloped deposits safeguarding were analyzed and discussed. It was found that the long-term needs of the Polish industry can be satisfied only for some of them: coking coal, copper, and silver, as well as numerous industrial and construction minerals. Moreover, existence of a sufficient resource base and appropriate means of their safeguarding may potentially have a significant impact on Poland’s and Europe’s minerals security, in particular regarding several minerals for which Poland is an important supplier to the European market, i.e., coking coal, copper, silver, and elemental sulfur.

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Approach to identification and classification of the key, strategic and critical minerals important for the mineral security of Poland

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

Critical Minerals from Post-Processing Tailing. A Case Study from Bangka Island, Indonesia

Safeguarding of Key Minerals Deposits as a Basis of Sustainable Development of Polish Economy

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