Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin

Lin, Chia-Feng; Karlsson, Olov; Martinka, Jozef; Rantuch, Peter; Kareiva, Aivaras; Mantanis, George I.; Jones, Dennis; Sandberg, Dick

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c01044

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The chemical functionalities of the specimens analyzed by FTIR are shown in Figure 7. The spectrum of the unmodified wood was assigned to the typical wood components cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin [28]. The bands in the region of 3000 to 2800 cm −1 originated from C-H aliphatic stretching of the wood (maxima at 2923 cm −1 and 2857 cm −1 ).…”

Section: Chemical Functionalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the fire-retardant furfurylated wood products, 3-30FA and 5-30FA, a new band at 1667 cm −1 assigned to the C=O groups from GUP was found [28]. The band at 1714 cm −1 became less visible and was probably because triethanolamine saponified the acids and inhibited the hydrolytic opening of furan rings [40,53].…”

Section: Chemical Functionalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the salt is hygroscopic and moisture migration during weathering would lead to the salt being eventually washed away, which would ultimately reduce the level of fire retardancy [27]. It was shown recently [28] that hydrophobic polymer matrix encapsulation can effectively enhance the water leaching resistance of the nitrogen phosphate salt by applying melamine-formaldehyde resin microspheres to encapsulate guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP) and boric acid, resulting in a highly leaching-resistant FR wood. The concept can be further expanded through using bio-derived FA instead of a synthetic polymer to produce fire-resistant wood for exterior use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

et al. 2022

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Guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP) was introduced into furfurylated wood in order to improve fire retardancy. Modified wood was produced via vacuum-pressure impregnation of the GUP–furfuryl alcohol (FA) aqueous solution, which was then polymerized at elevated temperature. The water leaching resistance of the treated wood was tested according to European standard EN 84, while the leached water was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and inductively coupled plasma–sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). This new type of furfurylated wood was further characterized in the laboratory by evaluating its morphology and elemental composition using optical microscopy and electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The chemical functionality was detected using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the fire resistance was tested using cone calorimetry. The dimensional stability was evaluated in wet–dry soaking cycle tests, along with the mechanical properties, such as the Brinell hardness and bending strength. The fire retardancy of the modified furfurylated wood indicated that the flammability of wood can be depressed to some extent by introducing GUP. This was reflected in an observed reduction in heat release rate (HRR2) from 454.8 to 264.9 kW/m2, without a reduction in the material properties. In addition, this leaching-resistant furfurylated wood exhibited higher fire retardancy compared to conventional furfurylated wood. A potential method for producing fire-retardant treated furfurylated wood stable to water exposure has been suggested.

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Section: Chemical Functionalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Functionalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

et al. 2022

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“…The char nally ruptured, resulting that heat being released in large quantities, reaching P 2 HRR, and nally, the volatile products were consumed completely, leaving only debris and ash. The HRR curves showed that Control was burned quickly after ignition with a P The generation of smoke, including particulate matter and toxic gases in the re, is also a key parameter in assessing the ame retardancy properties of materials (Lin et al 2021). P 1 SPR of WPUC-7 was signi cantly smaller than that of WPUC-5 and WPUC-9, and the SPR of the second peak of WPUC-7 produced faster than the other samples, relating to the combustion of shavings and the formation of a carbon layer.…”

Section: Thermal and Thermo-oxidative Stability Of Wpucsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-friendly flame-retardant wood-plastic composites from wood-fiber and polyurethane

Wang

Sun

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Wood-plastic composites (WPCs), which are widely used in construction and furniture, need to be treated with fire protection. In this work, polyurethane (PU) was applied to derive simultaneously flame-retardancy-improved and mechanically strengthened wood-polyurethane composites (WPUCs). It was constructed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and PU by an eco-friendly way of pressing at ambient temperature. The combination of APP and PU improves the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of WPCs. The results indicated that the flame retardancy of WPUCs is the best when the mass of APP is 18% of PU, making LOI reach 31.2%. In the combustion test, the peak of heat release rate and total smoke production for WPUCs were respectively decreased by 42.1% and 89.7% in the presence of the above ratio of APP and PU. In addition, the results of the functional group test show that PU contains highly reactive -NCO which is bonded to the -OH and moisture in the wood fiber, resulting in improvement of physical and mechanical properties. The mechanism for the excellent flame retardancy of WPUCs revealed that polyphosphoric acid produced by APP pyrolysis catalyzed PU into the char, and PU was arched by the resulting gases such as NH3 to form the tiny spherical structure. Meanwhile, the spherical structure increased the height and density of the carbon layer, which worked in blocking heat and the exchange of substances. This work provides a simple and economic strategy for the preparation of flame-retardant WPCs.

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“…In general, filling the cell cavity with resin can improve both the strength and dimensional stability of the wood [ 27 , 28 ]. However, commonly used resins are aldehydes, such as phenolic (PF) [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], urea-formaldehyde (UF) [ 33 , 34 , 35 ] and melamine (MF) [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] resins. The slow release of formaldehyde, which in turn endangers the environment and human health, restricts the popularization and application of this type of technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrylic Resin Filling Cell Lumen Enabled Laminated Poplar Veneer Lumber as Structural Building Material

Gao

Liu

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Wood is a viable alternative to traditional steel, cement, and concrete as a structural material for building applications, utilizing renewable resources and addressing the challenges of high energy consumption and environmental pollution in the construction industry. However, the vast supply of fast-growing poplar wood has bottlenecks in terms of low strength and dimensional stability, making it difficult to use as a structural material. An environmentally friendly acrylic resin system was designed and cured in this study to fill the poplar cell cavities, resulting in a new type of poplar laminated veneer lumber with improved mechanical strength and dimensional stability. The optimized acrylic resin system had a solid content of 25% and a curing agent content of 10% of the resin solid content. The cured filled poplar veneer gained 81.36% of its weight and had a density of 0.69 g/cm3. The static flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of the further prepared laminated veneer lumber were 123.12 MPa and 12,944.76 MPa, respectively, exceeding the highest flexural strength required for wood structural timber for construction (modulus of elasticity 12,500 MPa and static flexural strength 35 MPa). Its tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, attrition value, water absorption, water absorption thickness expansion, and water absorption width expansion were 58.81%, 19.50%, 419.18%, 76.83%, 44.38%, 13.90%, and 37.60% higher than untreated laminated veneer lumber, demonstrating improved mechanical strength and dimensional stability, significantly. This method provides a novel approach to encouraging the use of low-value-added poplar wood in high-value-added structural building material applications.

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Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin

Cited by 37 publications

References 53 publications

Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

Eco-friendly flame-retardant wood-plastic composites from wood-fiber and polyurethane

Acrylic Resin Filling Cell Lumen Enabled Laminated Poplar Veneer Lumber as Structural Building Material

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