Approximate surface development of the left side half‐trunk by a free‐formed model

Abstract

The approximate surface development, skin length, and surface area of the left side of the trunk of 51 female students were compared with regard to static and stretched postures. The data for each subject were obtained from geometrical models generated by moiré topography with a computer. When the chest was stretched, the anterior surface, the shoulder line, and the arm-base line were transformed from concave to convex, and a gap oriented toward the nipple widened out. The skin elongated vertically and transversely, except at the side of the waistline, where the skin contracted. The area at the top of the trunk decreased about 25%, while the other parts of the trunk increased 8-15%. The total anterior area was 1.20 m2 for the static posture and 1.29 m2 for the stretched posture. When the posterior surface was stretched, the shoulder line changed from convex to concave, the side line from quasi-straight to concave, and gaps oriented toward the chest line disappeared. The skin elongated most at the infrascapular region (20-35%), while the neck base line contracted (-11%). The center of the back and the lower arm base areas enlarged the most (25%) and the lumbar area enlarged the least (12%). The total posterior area was 1.26 m2 in the static posture and 1.37 m2 in the back-stretched posture. In conclusion, the back skin elongated and enlarged more when stretched than the frontal skin.

Combining 3D Structured Light Imaging and Spine X-ray Data Improves Visualization of the Spinous Lines in the Scoliotic Spine

“…As a result, contactless optical 3D ST systems are more frequently recommended to estimate spinous processes' curvature and the spine line's trajectory. Moiré topography [54], structured-light-projection-based systems [55,56], laser scanning, and videorasterstereography [31,51,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] are used for three-dimensional evaluation of the spine and full torso. The use of 3D ST also allows analysis of scoliotic deformity, chest deformities including funnel chest, posture, the kyphotic angle of the spine, and back shape, and the detection of stimulated back muscle contractions.…”

Automatic recognition of surface landmarks of anatomical structures of back and posture

“…The most of them are marker-dependent or markerless optical systems, based mainly on the moiré technique, laser and structured light illumination (SLI), incorporating assessment methods which analyze mutual position of certain anatomical structures. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Back shape indices calculated using mentioned systems were proven to be useful and reliable in clinical settings. 25,33 The conformity of the parameters with the gold standard used in radiography, the Cobb angle measurement, is quite high, e.g., the r-Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated to 0.801 for the Quantec Q-angle parameter 34 and to 0.668 and 0.706 for the posterior trunk symmetry index (POTSI) and deformity in the axial plane index (DAPI).…”

Η Τοπογραφια Moire Ως Μεθοδος Της Φωτογραμμετριας Μικρων Αποστασεων Στη Βιοστερεομετρια

“…Είναι κατ' αρχήν σχετικά χρονοβόρα, ειδικά αν γιά κάθε άτομο κρατούνται ενδείξεις για τη θέση των ράβδων. Παράλληλα η τυποποιημένη τοποθέτηση στην πραγματικότητα βιάζει τη στάση του σώματος και δεν επιτρέπει τη φυσική τοποθέτηση (Ashizawa et al, 1988). Ετσι δεν ενδείκνυται σε περιπτώσεις μελέτης μεταβολών καί παραμορφώσεων .…”